Appetite Plus Mechanism of Action

Syrup: Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Thiamine is a vitamin required in cellular aerobic metabolism, cell growth, nerve impulse transmission and production of acetylcholine.
Riboflavin is an essential human nutrient that is a heat-stable and water-soluble flavin belonging to the vitamin B family. Riboflavin is a precursor of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes are of vital importance in normal tissue respiration, pyridoxine activation, tryptophan to niacin conversion, fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, and glutathione reductase mediated detoxification. Riboflavin may also be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. This vitamin is essential for healthy skin, nails, and hair.
Nicotinamide is the active form of vitamin B₃ and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Nicotinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. This agent also inhibits poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.
Pyridoxine hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of pyridoxine, a water-soluble vitamin B. Pyridoxine hydrochloride is converted into the active form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), an essential cofactor in many enzymatic activities including synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, and sphingolipids. This vitamin is essential to red blood cell, nervous system, and immune systems functions and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) is a water-soluble organometallic compound containing a trivalent cobalt ion bound to a corrin ring. Vitamin B₁₂ is an essential coenzyme in nucleic acid synthesis as well as nerve functions and blood cell production. Adult recommended requirements are about 1 to 2 micrograms per day.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin which is vital in the production and integrity of collagen, the key protein component of connective tissues. It also has important antioxidant properties which protects the body tissues from the harmful effects of oxidative radicals.
Buclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine used as an antivertigo/antiemetic agent. Buclizine is used in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Additionally, it has been used in the management of vertigo in diseases affecting the vestibular apparatus.
Lysine belongs to one of the nine essential amino acids in humans. Amino acids serve as the building blocks of protein and are important for growth and tissue repair. Unlike the non-essential amino acids, essential amino acids are not synthesized by the human body and are usually supplied from dietary sources.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₁): Small amounts of thiamine are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral doses.
Riboflavin phosphate (Vitamin B₂): Riboflavin is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Nicotinamide (Vitamin B₃): Nicotinamide is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral doses.
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₆): Pyridoxine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral doses.
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B₁₂): Vitamin B₁₂ substances bind to intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the gastric mucosa, and are then actively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): Ascorbic acid is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Plasma concentration elevates as oral dose is increased until a plateau is achieved with doses between 90 to 150 mg per day. The usual recommended daily intake for adults is about 30 to 100 mg.
Buclizine hydrochloride: Buclizine is rapidly absorbed following oral administration.
L-lysine hydrochloride: Free amino acids, including free lysine, are absorbed in the small intestines.
Free amino acids in the intestinal lumen are transported into the mucosal cells by an amino acid-specific carrier system. The amino acids are then secreted out to the portal circulation.
Distribution: Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₁): Thiamine is widely distributed to most body tissues and appears in breastmilk.
Riboflavin phosphate (Vitamin B₂): About 60% of FMN and FAD are bound to plasma proteins.
Nicotinamide (Vitamin B₃): Nicotinamide is widely distributed in the body tissues.
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₆): Pyridoxine is mainly stored in the liver with lesser amounts in muscle & brain.
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B₁₂): Vitamin B₁₂ is released from food and salivary binding protein and bound to gastric intrinsic factor. When the vitamin B₁₂ intrinsic factor complex reaches the ileum, it interacts with the receptor on the mucosal cell surface and is actively transported into circulation.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): Body vitamin C stores are about 1.5 g but additional amount may be stored with daily intake of more than 200 mg. Leukocytes and platelets contain higher concentrations compared to erythrocytes and plasma, thus during deficiency states, declines in leukocyte vitamin C concentration is considered a better criterion for evaluation than that of the plasma concentration. Vitamin C can cross the placenta.
Buclizine hydrochloride: Buclizine is rapidly absorbed following oral administration.
L-lysine hydrochloride: The free amino acids in the portal circulation will pass through the liver, a portion of which will be utilized. The remaining amino acids are then transported to the systemic circulation for utilization by the peripheral tissues.
Metabolism: Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₁): Thiamin from dietary supplements is absorbed by the small intestine through active transport at nutritional doses and by passive diffusion at pharmacologic doses.
Riboflavin phosphate (Vitamin B₂): Riboflavin is converted in the body to the coenzyme flavine mononucleotide and then to another coenzyme flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
Nicotinamide (Vitamin B₃): Niacin is converted in the body to the amide, which is incorporated into niacinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₆): After oral administration of pyridoxine, it is converted into active forms pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate. Pyridoxine is oxidized in the liver to form 4-pyridoxic acid and other inactive metabolites.
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B₁₂): Vitamin B₁₂ is extensively bound to plasma proteins transcobalamin; Transcobalamin II appears to be involved in the rapid transport of the cobalamins to tissues.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, others are metabolized to the inactive form ascorbate-2-sulfate as well as to oxalic acid.
Buclizine hydrochloride: Not available.
L-lysine hydrochloride: Lysine is metabolized via protein synthesis or oxidative catabolism. During protein synthesis, lysine is utilized for the formation of substances such as carnitine, collagen and elastin. With oxidative catabolism, lysine is broken down to products that can be further used for the biosynthetic pathways for glucose and fat.
Excretion: Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₁): In excess amount of thiamine in the body's requirement are excreted in the urine unchanged or as metabolites.
Riboflavin phosphate (Vitamin B₂): Riboflavin is excreted in urine, partly as metabolites.
Nicotinamide (Vitamin B₃): Small amount of nicotinamide is excreted unchanged in urine after therapeutic doses; The amount excreted unchanged is increased with larger doses.
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₆) Pyridoxine is excreted in urine.
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B₁₂): Vitamin B₁₂ is excreted in the bile and undergoes extensive enterohepatic recycling and part of a dose is excreted in the urine.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C): Ascorbate-2-sulfate and oxalic acid, the metabolism products of ascorbic acid, are excreted through the urine. Ascorbic acid more than the body requirements (i.e., intakes above 100 mg per day) are excreted unchanged in the urine. Ascorbic acid is also removed by hemodialysis. Ascorbic acid is also excreted in the breast milk.
Buclizine hydrochloride: Not available.
L-lysine hydrochloride: Nitrogen is excreted through the urine mostly in the form of urea. Urea is the end product of amino acid catabolism.