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Signs of acute poisoning take the form above all of water/electrolyte disturbances (hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia) which are manifested as nausea, vomiting, hypotension, cramps, vertigo, drowsiness, confusion, polyuria or oliguria possibly to the point of anuria (due to hypovolaemia).
Initial measures involve the rapid elimination of the ingested substance(s) by gastric wash-out and for administration of activated charcoal, followed by restoration of water/electrolyte balance to normal in a specialized center.
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