Vebroz

VEBROZ (10 MG TABLET): A pale pink, round biconvex, film-coated engraved with "
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" logo on one side and "R10" on the other side.
Each tablet contains rivaroxaban 10 mg.
VEBROZ (15 MG TABLET): A brownish-red, round, biconvex, film-coated tablet engraved with "
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" logo on one side and "R15" on the other side.
Each tablet contains rivaroxaban 15 mg.
VEBROZ (20 MG TABLET): A dark red, round, biconvex, film-coated tablet engraved with "
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image
" logo on one side and "R20" on the other side.
Each tablet contains rivaroxaban 20 mg.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Hypromellose, Sodium lauryl sulfate, Microcrystalline cellulose, Lactose monohydrate, Croscarmellose sodium, Magnesium stearate, Polyethylene glycol, Titanium dioxide, Iron oxide, Purified water.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antithrombotic agents, direct factor Xa inhibitors. ATC code: B01AF01.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action: Rivaroxaban is a highly selective direct factor Xa inhibitor with oral bioavailability. Inhibition of factor Xa interrupts the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of the blood coagulation cascade, inhibiting both thrombin formation and development of thrombi. Rivaroxaban does not inhibit thrombin (activated factor II) and no effects on platelets have been demonstrated.
Pharmacodynamic effects: Dose-dependent inhibition of factor Xa activity was observed in humans. Prothrombin time (PT) is influenced by rivaroxaban in a dose dependent way with a close correlation to plasma concentrations (r value equals 0.98) if Neoplastin is used for the assay. Other reagents would provide different results. The readout for PT is to be done in seconds, because the INR is only calibrated and validated for coumarins and cannot be used for any other anticoagulant.
In patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery, the 5/95 percentiles for PT (Neoplastin) 2-4 hours after tablet intake (i.e. at the time of maximum effect) ranged from 13 to 25 s (baseline values before surgery 12 to 15 s) (10 mg only).
In patients receiving rivaroxaban for treatment of DVT and PE and prevention of recurrence, the 5/95 percentiles for PT (Neoplastin) 2 - 4 hours after tablet intake (i.e. at the time of maximum effect) for 15 mg rivaroxaban twice daily ranged from 17 to 32 s and for 20 mg rivaroxaban once daily from 15 to 30 s. At trough (8 - 16 h after tablet intake) the 5/95 percentiles for 15 mg twice daily ranged from 14 to 24 s and for 20 mg once daily (18 - 30 h after tablet intake) from 13 to 20 s (15 mg and 20 mg).
In patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism, the 5/95 percentiles for PT (Neoplastin) 1 - 4 hours after tablet intake (i.e. at the time of maximum effect) in patients treated with 20 mg once daily ranged from 14 to 40 s and in patients with moderate renal impairment treated with 15 mg once daily from 10 to 50 s. At trough (16 - 36 h after tablet intake) the 5/95 percentiles in patients treated with 20 mg once daily ranged from 12 to 26 s and in patients with moderate renal impairment treated with 15 mg once daily from 12 to 26 s (15 mg and 20 mg).
In a clinical pharmacology study on the reversal of rivaroxaban pharmacodynamics in healthy adult subjects (n=22), the effects of single doses (50 IU/kg) of two different types of PCCs, a 3-factor PCC (Factors II, IX and X) and a 4-factor PCC (Factors II, VII, IX and X) were assessed. The 3-factor PCC reduced mean Neoplastin PT values by approximately 1.0 second within 30 minutes, compared to reductions of approximately 3.5 seconds observed with the 4-factor PCC. In contrast, the 3-factor PCC had a greater and more rapid overall effect on reversing changes in endogenous thrombin generation than the 4-factor PCC (see Overdosage).
The activated partial thomboplastin time (aPTT) and HepTest are also prolonged dose-dependently; however, they are not recommended to assess the pharmacodynamic effect of rivaroxaban. There is no need for monitoring of coagulation parameters during treatment with rivaroxaban in clinical routine. However, if clinically indicated rivaroxaban levels can be measured by calibrated quantitative anti-factor Xa tests (see Pharmacokinetics as follows).
Clinical efficacy and safety: Treatment of DVT, PE and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: The rivaroxaban clinical programme was designed to demonstrate the efficacy of rivaroxaban in the initial and continued treatment of acute DVT and PE and prevention of recurrence.
Over 12,800 patients were studied in four randomised controlled phase III clinical studies (Einstein DVT, Einstein PE, Einstein Extension and Einstein Choice). and additionally a predefined pooled analysis of the Einstein DVT and Einstein PE studies was conducted. The overall combined treatment duration in all studies was up to 21 months.
In Einstein DVT 3,449 patients with acute DVT were studied for the treatment of DVT and the prevention of recurrent DVT and PE (patients who presented with symptomatic PE were excluded from this study). The treatment duration was for 3, 6 or 12 months depending on the clinical judgement of the investigator.
For the initial 3 week treatment of acute DVT 15 mg rivaroxaban was administered twice daily. This was followed by 20 mg rivaroxaban once daily.
In Einstein PE, 4,832 patients with acute PE were studied for the treatment of PE and the prevention of recurrent DVT and PE. The treatment duration was for 3, 6 or 12 months depending on the clinical judgement of the investigator.
For the initial treatment of acute PE 15 mg rivaroxaban was administered twice daily for three weeks. This was followed by 20 mg rivaroxaban once daily.
In both the Einstein DVT and the Einstein PE study, the comparator treatment regimen consisted of enoxaparin administered for at least 5 days in combination with vitamin K antagonist treatment until the PT/INR was in therapeutic range ≥2.0). Treatment was continued with a vitamin K antagonist dose-adjusted to maintain the PT/INR values within the therapeutic range of 2.0 to 3.0.
In Einstein Extension 1,197 patients with DVT or PE were studied for the prevention of recurrent DVT and PE. The treatment duration was for an additional 6 or 12 months in patients who had completed 6 to 12 months of treatment for venous thromboembolism depending on the clinical judgment of the investigator. Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily was compared with placebo.
Einstein DVT, PE and Extension used the same pre-defined primary and secondary efficacy outcomes. The primary efficacy outcome was symptomatic recurrent VTE defined as the composite of recurrent DVT or fatal or non-fatal PE. The secondary efficacy outcome was defined as the composite of recurrent DVT, non-fatal PE and all-cause mortality.
In Einstein Choice, 3,396 patients with confirmed symptomatic DVT and/or PE who completed 6-12 months of anticoagulant treatment were studied for the prevention of fatal PE or non-fatal symptomatic recurrent DVT or PE. Patients with an indication for continued therapeutic-dosed anticoagulation were excluded from the study. The treatment duration was up to 12 months depending on the individual randomisation date (median: 351 days). Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily and rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily were compared with 100 mg acetylsalicylic acid once daily.
The primary efficacy outcome was symptomatic recurrent VTE defined as the composite of recurrent DVT or fatal or non-fatal PE.
In the Einstein DVT study (see Table 1) rivaroxaban was demonstrated to be non-inferior to enoxaparin/VKA for the primary efficacy outcome (p <0.0001 (test for non-inferiority); Hazard Ratio (HR): 0.680 (0.443 - 1.042), p=0.076 (test for superiority)). The prespecified net clinical benefit (primary efficacy outcome plus major bleeding events) was reported with a HR of 0.67 ((95% CI: 0.47 - 0.95), nominal p value p=0.027) in favour of rivaroxaban. INR values were within the therapeutic range a mean of 60.3% of the time for the mean treatment duration of 189 days, and 55.4%, 60.1%, and 62.8% of the time in the 3-, 6-, and 12-month intended treatment duration groups, respectively. In the enoxaparin/VKA group, there was no clear relation between the level of mean centre TTR (Time in Target INR Range of 2.0-3.0) in the equally sized tertiles and the incidence of the recurrent VTE (P=0.932 for interaction). Within the highest tertile according to centre, the HR with rivaroxaban versus warfarin was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.35 - 1.35).
The incidence rates for the primary safety outcome (major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding events) as well as the secondary safety outcome (major bleeding events) were similar for both treatment groups. (See Table 1.)

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In the Einstein PE study (see Table 2) rivaroxaban was demonstrated to be non-inferior to enoxaparin/VKA for the primary efficacy outcome (p=0.0026 (test for non-inferiority); HR: 1.123 (0.749-1.684). The prespecified net clinical benefit (primary efficacy outcome plus major bleeding events) was reported with a HR of 0.849 ((95% CI: 0.633 - 1.139), nominal p value p=0.275). INR values were within the therapeutic range a mean of 63% of the time for the mean treatment duration of 215 days, and 57%, 62%, and 65% of the time in the 3-, 6-, and 12-month intended treatment duration groups, respectively. In the enoxaparin/VKA group, there was no clear relation between the level of mean centre TTR (Time in Target INR Range of 2.0-3.0) in the equally sized tertiles and the incidence of the recurrent VTE (p=0.082 for interaction). Within the highest tertile according to centre, the HR with rivaroxaban versus warfarin was 0.642 (95% CI: 0.277 - 1.484).
The incidence rates for the primary safety outcome (major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding events) were slightly lower in the rivaroxaban treatment group (10.3% (249/2412)) than in the enoxaparin/VKA treatment group (11.4% (274/2405)). The incidence of the secondary safety outcome (major bleeding events) was lower in the rivaroxaban group (1.1% (26/2412)) than in the enoxaparin/VKA group (2.2% (52/2405)) with a HR 0.493 (95% CI: 0.308 - 0.789). (See Table 2.)

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A prespecified pooled analysis of the outcome of the Einstein DVT and PE studies was conducted (see Table 3).

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The prespecified net clinical benefit (primary efficacy outcome plus major bleeding events) of the pooled analysis was reported with a HR of 0.771 ((95% CI: 0.614 0.967), nominal p value p = 0.0244).
In the Einstein Extension study (see Table 4) rivaroxaban was superior to placebo for the primary and secondary efficacy outcomes. For the primary safety outcome (major bleeding events) there was a non-significant numerically higher incidence rate for patients treated with rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily compared to placebo. The secondary safety outcome (major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding events) showed higher rates for patients treated with rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily compared to placebo. (See Table 4.)

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In the Einstein Choice study (Table 5) rivaroxaban 20 mg and 10 mg were both superior to 100 mg acetylsalicylic acid for the primary efficacy outcome. The principal safety outcome (major bleeding events) was similar for patients treated with rivaroxaban 20 mg and 10 mg once daily compared to 100 mg acetylsalicylic acid. (See Table 5.)

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In addition to the phase III EINSTEIN programme, a prospective, non-interventional, open-label cohort study (XALIA) with central outcome adjudication including recurrent VTE, major bleeding and death has been conducted. 5,142 patients with acute DVT were enrolled to investigate the long-term safety of rivaroxaban compared with standard-of-care anticoagulation therapy in clinical practice. Rates of major bleeding, recurrent VTE and all-cause mortality for rivaroxaban were 0.7%, 1.4% and 0.5%, respectively. There were differences in patient baseline characteristics including age, cancer and renal impairment. A pre-specified propensity score stratified analysis was used to adjust for measured baseline differences but residual confounding may, in spite of this, influence the results. Adjusted HRs comparing rivaroxaban and standard-of-care for major bleeding, recurrent VTE and all-cause mortality were 0.77 (95% CI 0.40 - 1.50), 0.91 (95% CI 0.54 - 1.54) and 0.51 (95% CI 0.24 - 1.07), respectively.
These results in clinical practice are consistent with the established safety profile in this indication.
In a post-authorisation, non-interventional study, in more than 40,000 patients without a history of cancer from four countries, rivaroxaban was prescribed for the treatment or prevention of DVT and PE. The event rates per 100 patient-years for symptomatic/clinically apparent VTE/thromboembolic events leading to hospitalisation ranged from 0.64 (95% CI 0.40 - 0.97) in the UK to 2.30 (95% CI 2.11 - 2.51) for Germany. Bleeding resulting in hospitalisation occurred at event rates per 100 patient-years of 0.31 (95% CI 0.23 - 0.42) for intracranial bleeding, 0.89 (95% CI 0.67 - 1.17) for gastrointestinal bleeding, 0.44 (95% CI 0.26 - 0.74) for urogenital bleeding and 0.41 (95% CI 0.31 - 0.54) for other bleeding.
10 mg: Prevention of VTE in adult patients undergoing elective hip or knee replacement surgery: The rivaroxaban clinical programme was designed to demonstrate the efficacy of rivaroxaban for the prevention of VTE, i.e. proximal and distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery of the lower limbs. Over 9,500 patients (7,050 in total hip replacement surgery and 2,531 in total knee replacement surgery) were studied in controlled randomised double-blind phase III clinical studies, the RECORD-programme.
Rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily (od) started no sooner than 6 hours post-operatively was compared with enoxaparin 40 mg once daily started 12 hours pre-operatively.
In all three phase III studies (see Table 6), rivaroxaban significantly reduced the rate of total VTE (any venographically detected or symptomatic DVT, non-fatal PE and death) and major VTE (proximal DVT, non- fatal PE and VTE-related death), death), the pre-specified primary and and major secondary efficacy endpoints. Furthermore, in all three studies the rate of symptomatic VTE (symptomatic DVT, non-fatal PE, VTE-related death) was lower in rivaroxaban treated patients compared to patients treated with enoxaparin.
The main safety endpoint, major bleeding, showed comparable rates for patients treated with rivaroxaban 10 mg compared to enoxaparin 40 mg. (See Table 6.)

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The analysis of the pooled results of the phase III studies corroborated the data obtained in the individual studies regarding reduction of total VTE, major VTE and symptomatic VTE with rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily compared to enoxaparin 40 mg once daily.
In addition to the phase III RECORD programme, a post-authorisation, non-interventional, open-label cohort study (XAMOS) has been conducted in 17,413 patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery of the hip or knee, to compare rivaroxaban with other pharmacological thromboprophylaxis (standard-of-care) under real-life setting. Symptomatic VTE occurred in 57 (0.6%) patients in the rivaroxaban group (n=8,778) and 88 (1.0%) of patients in the standard-of-care group (n=8,635; HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.43-0.91); safety population). Major bleeding occurred in 35 (0.4%) and 29 (0.3%) of patients in the rivaroxaban and standard-of-care groups (HR 1.10; 95% CI 0.67-1.80). Thus, the results were consistent with the results of the pivotal randomised studies.
15 mg and 20 mg: Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: The rivaroxaban clinical programme was designed to demonstrate the efficacy of rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
In the pivotal double-blind ROCKET AF study, 14,264 patients were assigned either to rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily (15 mg once daily in patients with creatinine clearance 30 - 49 ml/min) or to warfarin titrated to a target INR of 2.5 (therapeutic range 2.0 to 3.0). The median time on treatment was 19 months and overall treatment duration was up to 41 months.
34.9% of patients were treated with acetylsalicylic acid and 11.4% were treated with class III antiarrhythmic including amiodarone.
Rivaroxaban was non-inferior to warfarin for the primary composite endpoint of stroke and non-CNS systemic embolism. In the per-protocol population on treatment, stroke or systemic embolism occurred in 188 patients on rivaroxaban (1.71% per year) and 241 on warfarin (2.16% per year) (HR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96; P<0.001 for non-inferiority). Among all randomised patients analysed according to ITT, primary events occurred in 269 on rivaroxaban (2.12% per year) and 306 on warfarin (2.42% per year) (HR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 - 1.03; P<0.001 for non-inferiority; P=0.117 for superiority). Results for secondary endpoints as tested in hierarchical order in the ITT analysis are displayed in Table 7.
Among patients in the warfarin group, INR values were within the therapeutic range (2.0 to 3.0) a mean of 55% of the time (median, 58%; interquartile range, 43 to 71). The effect of rivaroxaban did not differ across the level of centre TTR (Time in Target INR Range of 2.0-3.0) in the equally sized quartiles (P=0.74 for interaction). Within the highest quartile according to centre, the Hazard Ratio (HR) with rivaroxaban versus warfarin was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.49 - 1.12).
The incidence rates for the principal safety outcome (major and non-major clinically relevant bleeding events) were similar for both treatment groups (see Table 8). (See Tables 7 and 8.)

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In addition to the phase III ROCKET AF study, a prospective, single-arm, post-authorisation, non-interventional, open-label cohort study (XANTUS) with central outcome adjudication including thromboembolic events and major bleeding has been conducted. 6,704 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation were enrolled for prevention of stroke and non-central nervous system (CNS) systemic embolism in clinical practice. The mean CHADS₂ score was 1.9 and HAS-BLED score was 2.0 in XANTUS, compared to a mean CHADS₂ and HAS-BLED score of 3.5 and 2.8 in ROCKET AF, respectively. Major bleeding occurred in 2.1 per 100 patient years. Fatal haemorrhage was reported in 0.2 per 100 patient years and intracranial haemorrhage in 0.4 per 100 patient years. Stroke or non-CNS systemic embolism was recorded in 0.8 per 100 patient years.
These observations in clinical practice are consistent with the established safety profile in this indication. In a post-authorisation, non-interventional study, in more than 162,000 patients from four countries, rivaroxaban was prescribed for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The event rate for ischaemic stroke was 0.70 (95% CI 0.44 - 1.13) per 100 patient-years. Bleeding resulting in hospitalisation occurred at event rates per 100 patient-years of 0.43 (95% CI 0.31 - 0.59) for intracranial bleeding, 1.04 (95% CI 0.65 - 1.66) for gastrointestinal bleeding, 0.41 (95% CI 0.31 - 0.53) for urogenital bleeding and 0.40 (95% CI 0.25 - 0.65) for other bleeding.
Patients undergoing cardioversion: A prospective, randomised, open-label, multicentre, exploratory study with blinded endpoint evaluation (X-VERT) was conducted in 1504 patients (oral anticoagulant naive and pre-treated) with non-valvular atrial fibrillation scheduled for cardioversion to compare rivaroxaban with dose-adjusted VKA (randomised 2:1), for the prevention of cardiovascular events. TEE-guided (1-5 days of pretreatment) or conventional cardioversion (at least three weeks of pre-treatment) strategies were employed. The primary efficacy outcome (all stroke, transient ischaemic attack, non-CNS systemic embolism, myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular death) occurred in 5 (0.5%) patients in the rivaroxaban group (n = 978) and 5 (1.0%) patients in the VKA group (n = 492; RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.15-1.73; modified ITT population). The principal safety outcome (major bleeding) occurred in 6 (0.6%) and 4 (0.8%) patients in the rivaroxaban (n = 988) and VKA (n = 499) groups, respectively (RR 0.76; 95 % CI 0.21 -2.67; safety population). This exploratory study showed comparable efficacy and safety between rivaroxaban and VKA treatment groups in the setting of cardioversion.
Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who undergo PCI with stent placement: A randomised, open-label, multicentre study (PIONEER AF-PCI) was conducted in 2,124 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who underwent PCI with stent placement for primary atherosclerotic disease to compare safety of two rivaroxaban regimens and one VKA regimen.
Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 fashion for an overall 12-month-therapy. Patients with a history of stroke or TIA were excluded.
Group 1 received rivaroxaban 15 mg once daily (10 mg once daily in patients with creatinine clearance 30 - 49 ml/min) plus P2Y12 inhibitor. Group 2 received rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily plus DAPT (dual antiplatelet therapy i.e. clopidogrel 75 mg [or alternate P2Y12 inhibitor] plus low-dose acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) for 1, 6 or 12 months followed by rivaroxaban 15 mg (or 10 mg for subjects with creatinine clearance 30 - 49 ml/min) once daily plus low-dose ASA. Group 3 received dose-adjusted VKA plus DAPT for 1, 6 or 12 months followed by dose-adjusted VKA plus low-dose ASA.
The primary safety endpoint, clinically significant bleeding events, occurred in 109 (15.7%), 117 (16.6%), and 167 (24.0%) subjects in group 1, group 2 and group 3, respectively (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.47-0.76; p<0.001, and HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.50-0.80; p<0.001, respectively). The secondary endpoint (composite of cardiovascular events CV death, MI, or stroke) occurred in 41 (5.9%), 36 (5.1 %), and 36 (5.2%) subjects in the group 1, group 2 and group 3, respectively. Each of the rivaroxaban regimens showed a significant reduction in clinically significant bleeding events compared to the VKA regimen in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who underwent a PCI with stent placement.
The primary objective of PIONEER AF-PCI was to assess safety. Data on efficacy (including thromboembolic events) in this population are limited.
Patients with high risk triple positive antiphospholipid syndrome: In an investigator sponsored, randomised open-label multicentre study with blinded endpoint adjudication, rivaroxaban was compared to warfarin in patients with a history of thrombosis, diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome and at high risk for thromboembolic events (positive for all 3 antiphospholipid tests: lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies). The study was terminated prematurely after the enrolment of 120 patients due to an excess of events among patients in the rivaroxaban arm. Mean follow-up was 569 days. 59 patients were randomised to rivaroxaban 20 mg (15 mg for patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) < 50 mL/min) and 61 to warfarin (INR 2.0-3.0). Thromboembolic events occurred in 12% of patients randomised to rivaroxaban (4 ischaemic strokes and 3 myocardial infarctions). No events were reported in patients randomised to warfarin. Major bleeding occurred in 4 patients (7%) of the rivaroxaban group and 2 patients (3%) of the warfarin group.
Paediatric population: The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with rivaroxaban in all subsets of the paediatric population in the prevention of thromboembolic events (see Dosage & Administration for information on paediatric use).
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Rivaroxaban is rapidly absorbed with maximum concentrations (C_max) appearing 2-4 hours after tablet intake. Oral absorption of rivaroxaban is almost complete and oral bioavailability is high (80-100%) for the 2.5 mg and 10 mg tablet dose, irrespective of fasting/fed conditions. Intake with food does not affect rivaroxaban AUC or C_max at the 2.5 mg and 10 mg dose. Rivaroxaban 2.5 mg and 10 mg tablets can be taken with or without food.
Absorption of rivaroxaban is dependent on the site of its release in the gastrointestinal tract. A 29% and 56% decrease in AUC and C_max compared to tablet was reported when rivaroxaban granulate is released in the proximal small intestine. Exposure is further reduced when rivaroxaban is released in the distal small intestine, or ascending colon. Therefore, administration of rivaroxaban distal to the stomach should be avoided since this can result in reduced absorption and related rivaroxaban exposure.
Bioavailability (AUC and C_max) was comparable for 20 mg rivaroxaban administered orally as a crushed tablet mixed in apple puree, or suspended in water and administered via a gastric tube followed by a liquid meal, compared to a whole tablet. Given the predictable, dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile of rivaroxaban, the bioavailability results from this study are likely applicable to lower rivaroxaban doses.
10 mg: Rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics are approximately linear up to about 15 mg once daily. At higher doses rivaroxaban displays dissolution limited absorption with decreased bioavailability and decreased absorption rate with increased dose. This is more marked in fasting state than in fed state. Variability in rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics is moderate with inter-individual variability (CV%) ranging from 30% to 40%, apart from on the day of surgery and the following day when variability in exposure is high (70%).
15 mg and 20 mg: The following information is based on the data obtained in adults.
Due to a reduced extent of absorption an oral bioavailability of 66% was determined for the 20 mg tablet under fasting conditions. When rivaroxaban 20 mg tablets are taken together with food increases in mean AUC by 39% were observed when compared to tablet intake under fasting conditions, indicating almost complete absorption and high oral bioavailability. Rivaroxaban 15 mg and 20 mg are to be taken with food (see Dosage & Adminstration).
Rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics are approximately linear up to about 15 mg once daily in fasting state.
Under fed conditions rivaroxaban 10 mg, 15 mg and 20 mg tablets demonstrated dose-proportionality.
At higher doses rivaroxaban displays dissolution limited absorption with decreased bioavailability and decreased absorption rate with increased dose.
Variability in rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics is moderate with inter-individual variability (CV%) ranging from 30% to 40%
Distribution: Plasma protein binding in humans is high at approximately 92% to 95%, with serum albumin being the main binding component. The volume of distribution is moderate with V_ss being approximately 50 litres.
Biotransformation and elimination: Of the administered rivaroxaban dose, approximately ²/₃ undergoes metabolic degradation, with half then being eliminated renally and the other half eliminated by the faecal route. The final ¹/₃ of the administered dose undergoes direct renal excretion as unchanged active substance in the urine, mainly via active renal secretion. Rivaroxaban is metabolised via CYP3A4, CYP2J2 and CYP-independent mechanisms. Oxidative degradation of the morpholinone moiety and hydrolysis of the amide bonds are the major sites of biotransformation. Based on in vitro investigations rivaroxaban is a substrate of the transporter proteins P-gp (P-glycoprotein) and Bcrp (breast cancer resistance protein).
Unchanged rivaroxaban is the most important compound in human plasma, with no major or active circulating metabolites being present. With a systemic clearance of about 10 1/h, rivaroxaban can be classified as a low- clearance substance. After intravenous administration of a 1 mg dose the elimination half-life is about 4.5 hours. After oral administration the elimination becomes absorption rate limited. Elimination of rivaroxaban from plasma occurs with terminal half-lives of 5 to 9 hours in young individuals, and with terminal half-lives of 11 to 13 hours in the elderly.
Special populations: Gender: There were no clinically relevant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between male and female patients.
An exploratory analysis did not reveal relevant differences in rivaroxaban exposure between male and female children (15 mg and 20 mg).
Elderly population: Elderly patients exhibited higher plasma concentrations than younger patients, with mean AUC values being approximately 1.5 fold higher, mainly due to reduced (apparent) total and renal clearance. No dose adjustment is necessary.
Different weight categories: Extremes in body weight (<50 kg or > 120 kg) had only a small influence on rivaroxaban plasma concentrations (less than 25%). No dose adjustment is necessary.
Inter-ethnic differences: No clinically relevant inter-ethnic differences among Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, Japanese or Chinese patients were observed regarding rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
An exploratory analysis did not reveal relevant inter-ethnic differences in rivaroxaban exposure among Japanese, Chinese or Asian children outside Japan and China compared to the respective overall paediatric population (15 and 20 mg).
Hepatic impairment: Cirrhotic patients with mild hepatic impairment (classified as Child Pugh A) exhibited only minor changes in rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics (1.2 fold increase in rivaroxaban AUC on average), nearly comparable to their matched healthy control group. In cirrhotic patients with moderate hepatic impairment (classified as Child Pugh B), rivaroxaban mean AUC was significantly increased by 2.3 fold compared to healthy volunteers. Unbound AUC was increased 2.6 fold. These patients also had reduced renal elimination of rivaroxaban, similar to patients with moderate renal impairment. There are no data in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
The inhibition of factor Xa activity was increased by a factor of 2.6 in patients with moderate hepatic impairment as compared to healthy volunteers; prolongation of PT was similarly increased by a factor of 2.1. Patients with moderate hepatic impairment were more sensitive to rivaroxaban resulting in a steeper PK/PD relationship between concentration and PT.
Rivaroxaban is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease associated with coagulopathy and clinically relevant bleeding risk, including cirrhotic patients with Child Pugh B and C (see Contraindications).
No clinical data is available in children with hepatic impairment (15 and 20 mg).
Renal impairment: There was an increase in rivaroxaban exposure correlated to decrease in renal function, as assessed via creatinine clearance measurements. In individuals with mild (creatinine clearance 50 - 80 ml/min), moderate (creatinine clearance 30 - 49 ml/min) and severe (creatinine clearance 15 - 29 ml/min) renal impairment, rivaroxaban plasma concentrations (AUC) were increased 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 fold respectively. Corresponding increases in pharmacodynamic effects were more pronounced. In individuals with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment the overall inhibition of factor Xa activity was increased by a factor of 1.5, 1.9 and 2.0 respectively as compared to healthy volunteers; prolongation of PT was similarly increased by a factor of 1.3, 2.2 and 2.4 respectively. There are no data in patients with creatinine clearance < 15 ml/min.
Due to the high plasma protein binding rivaroxaban is not expected to be dialysable.
Use is not recommended in patients with creatinine clearance < 15 ml/min. Rivaroxaban is to be used with caution in patients with creatinine clearance 15 - 29 ml/min (see Precautions).
No clinical data is available in children 1 year or older with moderate or severe renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate < 50 mL/min/1.73 m²) (15 mg and 20 mg).
Pharmacokinetic data in patients: 10 mg: In patients receiving rivaroxaban for prevention of VTE 10 mg once daily the geometric mean concentration (90% prediction interval) 2 - 4 h and about 24 h after dose (roughly representing maximum and minimum concentrations during the dose interval) was 101 (7 - 273) and 14 (4-51) mcg/l, respectively.
15 mg and 20 mg: In patients receiving rivaroxaban for treatment of acute DVT 20 mg once daily the geometric mean concentration (90% prediction interval) 2 - 4 h and about 24 h after dose (roughly representing maximum and minimum concentrations during the dose interval) was 215 (22 - 535) and 32 (6 - 239) mcg/l, respectively.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship: The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship between rivaroxaban plasma concentration and several PD endpoints (factor Xa inhibition, PT, aPTT, Heptest) has been evaluated after administration of a wide range of doses (5 - 30 mg twice a day). The relationship between rivaroxaban concentration and factor Xa activity was best described by an E_max model. For PT, the linear intercept model generally described the data better. Depending on the different PT reagents used, the slope differed considerably. When Neoplastin PT was used, baseline PT was about 13 s and the slope was around 3 to 4 s/(100 mcg/l). The results of the PK/PD analyses in Phase II and III were consistent with the data established in healthy subjects.
10 mg: In patients, baseline factor Xa and PT were influenced by the surgery resulting in a difference in the concentration-PT slope between the day post-surgery and steady state.
Paediatric population: 10 mg: Safety and efficacy have not been established in the indication primary prevention of VTE for children and adolescents up to 18 years.
15 mg and 20 mg: Safety and efficacy have not been established in the indication prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation for children and adolescents up to 18 years.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, single dose toxicity, phototoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential and juvenile toxicity.
Effects observed in repeat-dose toxicity studies were mainly due to the exaggerated pharmacodynamic activity of rivaroxaban.
In rats, increased IgG and IgA plasma levels were seen at clinically relevant exposure levels. In rats, no effects on male or female fertility were seen. Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity related to the pharmacological mode of action of rivaroxaban (e.g. haemorrhagic complications). Embryo-foetal toxicity (post-implantation loss, retarded/progressed ossification, hepatic multiple light coloured spots) and an increased incidence of common malformations as well as placental changes were observed at clinically relevant plasma concentrations. In the pre- and post-natal study in rats, reduced viability of the offspring was observed at doses that were toxic to the dams.
15 mg and 20 mg: Rivaroxaban was tested in juvenile rats up to 3-month treatment duration starting at postnatal day 4 showing a non dose-related increase in periinsular haemorrhage. No evidence of target organ-specific toxicity was seen.

10 mg: Rivaroxaban is indicated for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs.
Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults.
15 mg and 20 mg: Rivaroxaban is indicated for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
Rivaroxaban is indicated for the treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and for the prevention of recurrent DVT and Pulmonary Embolism (PE) following an acute DVT in adults.
Rivaroxaban is indicated for the treatment of Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and for the prevention of recurrent PE and DVT.

Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE - Dosage and method of administration: Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Method of administration: Oral use.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Recommended usual dose: The recommended dose for the initial treatment of acute DVT and PE is Rivaroxaban 15 mg twice daily for the first three weeks followed by Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily for the continued treatment and the prevention of recurrent DVT and PE.
Following completion of at least 6 months treatment for DVT or PE, Rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily or Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily is recommended based on an individual assessment of the risk of recurrent DVT or PE against the risk for bleeding. (See Table 9.)

Click on icon to see table/diagram/image

10 mg: VTE prevention - Dosage and method of administration: VTE prevention: Method of administration: Oral use.
VTE prevention: Recommended usual dose: The recommended dose for VTE prevention in major orthopedic surgery is one 10 mg tablet once daily.
VTE prevention: Duration of treatment: After major hip surgery patients should be treated for 5 weeks.
After major knee surgery patients should be treated for 2 weeks.
VTE prevention: Method and frequency of administration: One 10 mg tablet of Rivaroxaban should be taken once daily.
Rivaroxaban 10 mg tablets may be taken with or without food.
The initial dose should be taken within 6-10 hours after surgery provided that hemostasis has been established. For patients who are unable to swallow whole tablets, Rivaroxaban tablet may be crushed and mixed with water or soft foods such as applesauce immediately prior to use and administered orally.
The crushed Rivaroxaban tablet may be given through gastric tubes. Gastric placement of the tube should be confirmed before administering Rivaroxaban. The crushed tablet should be administered in a small amount of water via a gastric tube after which it should be flushed with water.
VTE prevention: Missed dose: If a dose is missed the patient should take the 10 mg Rivaroxaban dose immediately and continue on the following day with the once daily intake as before.
Additional information on special populations: Patients with hepatic impairment: Rivaroxaban is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease which is associated with coagulopathy leading to a clinically relevant bleeding risk.
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with other hepatic diseases.
Limited clinical data in patients with moderate hepatic impairment indicate a significant increase in the pharmacological activity. No clinical data are available for patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Patients with renal impairment: No dose adjustment is required if Rivaroxaban is administered in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment.
Limited clinical data for patients with severe renal impairment indicate that Rivaroxaban plasma levels are significantly increased in this patient population.
Therefore, Rivaroxaban must be used with caution in these patients.
Use of Rivaroxaban is not recommended in patients with CrC <15 ml/min.
Converting from Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) to Rivaroxaban: When converting patients from VKAs to Rivaroxaban, INR values will be falsely elevated after the intake of Rivaroxaban. The INR is not valid to measure the anticoagulant activity of Rivaroxaban, and therefore should did to measure the anticoagulant seivity of Riva not be used.
Converting from Rivaroxaban to Vitamin K antagonists (VKA): There is a potential for inadequate anticoagulation during the transition from Rivaroxaban to VKA. Continuous adequate anticoagulation should be ensured during any transition to an alternate anticoagulant. It should be noted that Rivaroxaban can contribute to an elevated INR.
In patients converting from Rivaroxaban to VKA, VKA should be given concurrently until the INR is ≥ 2.0. For the first two days of the conversion period, standard VKA dosing should be used followed by VKA dosing guided by INR testing. While patients are on both Rivaroxaban and VKA, the INR should not be tested earlier than 24 hours (after the previous dose but prior to the next dose of Rivaroxaban. Once Rivaroxaban is discontinued INR testing may be done reliably 24 hours after the last dose.
Converting from parenteral anti-coagulants to Rivaroxaban: For patients currently receiving a parenteral anticoagulant, start Rivaroxaban 0 to 2 hours before the time of the next scheduled administration of the parenteral drug (e.g. LMWH) or at the time of discontinuation of a continuously administered parenteral drug (e.g. intravenous unfractionated heparin).
Converting from Rivaroxaban to parenteral anti-coagulants: Discontinue Rivaroxaban and give the first dose of parenteral anticoagulant at the time that the next Rivaroxaban dose would be taken.
Children and adolescents (from birth to 16 or 18 years depending on local law): Safety and efficacy have not been established in children and adolescents below l8 years.
Geriatric patients: No dose adjustment is required based on age.
Gender: No dose adjustment is required based on gender.
Body weight: No dose adjustment is required based on body weight.
Ethnic differences: No dose adjustment is required based on ethnic differences.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Duration of treatment: Therapy should be continued as long as the VTE risk persist.
15 mg and 20 mg: SPAF - Dosage and method of administration: SPAF: Method of administration: Oral use.
SPAF: Recommended usual dose: The recommended dose is 20 mg once daily.
For patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance (CrC): <50-30 mL/min) the recommend dose is 15 mg once daily.
SPAF: Method and frequency of administration: One 20 mg tablet of Rivaroxaban should be taken once daily.
For patients with moderate renal impairment (CrC: <50-30 mL/min) one 15 mg tablet of Rivaroxaban should be taken once daily.
Rivaroxaban 15 mg tablets and Rivaroxaban 20 mg tablets should be taken with food.
For patients who are unable to swallow whole tablets, Rivaroxaban tablet may be crushed and mixed with water or soft foods such as applesauce immediately prior to use and administered orally. After the administration of crushed 15 mg or Rivaroxaban 20 mg tablets, the dose should be immediately followed by food.
The crushed Rivaroxaban tablet may be given through gastric tubes. Gastric placement of the tube should be confirmed before administering Rivaroxaban. The crushed tablet should be administered in a small amount of water via a gastric tube after which it should be flushed with water. After the administration of crushed Rivaroxaban 15 mg or 20 mg tablets, the dose should then be immediately followed by enteral feeding.
SPAF: Missed Dose: If a dose is missed the patient should take Rivaroxaban immediately and continue with the once daily intake as recommended on the following day.
The dose should not be doubled to make up for a missed dose within the same day.
SPAF: Maximum daily dose: The recommended maximum daily dose is 20 mg.
SPAF: Additional information on special populations: SPAF: Patients with hepatic impairment: Rivaroxaban is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease which is associated with coagulopathy leading to a clinically relevant bleeding risk.
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with other hepatic diseases.
Limited clinical data in patients with moderate hepatic impairment indicate a significant increase in the pharmacological activity. No clinical data are available for patients with severe hepatic impairment.
SPAF: Patients with renal impairment: No dose adjustment is required if Rivaroxaban is administered in patients with mild renal impairment.
For patients with moderate renal impairment the recommended dose is 15 mg once daily.
Limited clinical data for patients with severe renal impairment indicate that rivaroxaban plasma levels are significantly increased in this patient population. Therefore, Rivaroxaban 15 mg must be used with caution in these patients.
Use of Rivaroxaban is not recommended in patients with CrC <15 ml/min.
SPAF: Converting from Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) to Rivaroxaban: VKA treatment should be stopped and Rivaroxaban therapy should be initiated when the INR is ≤ 3.0.
When converting patients from VKAs to Rivaroxaban, INR values will be falsely elevated after the intake of Rivaroxaban. The INR is not valid to measure the anticoagulant activity of Rivaroxaban, and therefore should not be used.
SPAF: Converting from Rivaroxaban to Vitamin K antagonists (VKA): There is a potential for inadequate anticoagulation during the transition from Rivaroxaban to VKA.
Continuous adequate anticoagulation should be ensured during any transition to an alternate anticoagulant.
It should be noted that Rivaroxaban can contribute to an elevated INR.
In patients converting from Rivaroxaban to VKA, VKA should be given concurrently until the INR is ≥2.0. For the first two days of the conversion period, standard VKA dosing should be used followed by VKA dosing guided by INR testing. While patients are on both Rivaroxaban and VKA, the INR should not be tested earlier than 24 hours (after the previous dose but prior to the next dose of Rivaroxaban. Once Rivaroxaban is discontinued INR testing may be done reliably 24 hours after the last dose.
SPAF: Converting from parenteral anti-coagulants to Rivaroxaban: For patients currently receiving a parenteral anticoagulant, start Rivaroxaban 0 to 2 hours before the time of the next scheduled administration of the parenteral drug (e.g. LMWH) or at the time of discontinuation of a continuously administered parenteral drug (e.g. intravenous unfractionated heparin).
SPAF: Converting from Rivaroxaban to parenteral anti-coagulants: Discontinue Rivaroxaban and give the first dose of parenteral anticoagulant at the time that the next Rivaroxaban dose would be taken.
SPAF: Cardioversion: Rivaroxaban can be initiated or continued in patients who may require cardioversion.
For transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) guided cardioversion in patients not previously treated with anticoagulants, Rivaroxaban treatment should be started at least 4 hours before cardioversion to ensure adequate anticoagulation.
SPAF: Patients who undergo PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) with stent placement: Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who undergo PCI with stent placement should receive reduced dose of 15 mg Rivaroxaban once daily (or 10 mg Rivaroxaban once daily for patients with moderate renal impairment [CrCI: <50-30 ml/min]) in addition to a P2Y12 inhibitor. This treatment regimen is recommended for a maximum of 12 months after PCI with stent placement.
After completion of the antiplatelet therapy, rivaroxaban dosage should be increased to the standard dose for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
SPAF: Children and adolescents (from birth to 16 or 18 years depending on local law): Safety and efficacy have not been established in children and adolescents below 18 years.
SPAF: Geriatric patients: No dose adjustment is required based on age.
SPAF: Gender: No dose adjustment is required based on gender.
SPAF: Body weight: No dose adjustment is required based on body weight.
SPAF: Ethnic differences: No dose adjustment is required based on ethnic differences.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Method and frequency of administration: During the initial 3 weeks of acute treatment 15 mg of Rivaroxaban should be taken twice daily.
After the initial 3 weeks treatment Rivaroxaban should be continued at 20 mg once daily.
After at least 6 months treatment Rivaroxaban should be taken at 10 mg once daily or 20 mg once daily.
Rivaroxaban 15 mg tablets and Rivaroxaban 20 mg tablets should be taken with food.
For patients who are unable to swallow whole tablets, Rivaroxaban tablet may be crushed and mixed with water or soft foods such as applesauce immediately prior to use and administered orally. After the administration of crushed Rivaroxaban 15 mg or Rivaroxaban 20 mg tablets, the dose should be immediately followed by food.
The crushed Rivaroxaban tablet may be given through gastric tubes. Gastric placement of the tube should be confirmed before administering Rivaroxaban. The crushed tablet should be administered in a small amount of water via a gastric tube after which it should be flushed with water. After the administration of crushed Rivaroxaban 15 mg or 20 mg tablets, the dose should then be immediately followed by enteral feeding.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Missed Dose: It is essential to adhere to the dosage schedule provided.
If a dose is missed during the 15 mg twice daily treatment phase the patient should take Rivaroxaban immediately to ensure intake of 30 mg Rivaroxaban per day. In this case two 15 mg tablets may be taken at once. The patient should continue with the regular 15 mg twice daily intake as recommended on the following day.
If a dose is missed during the once daily treatment phase the patient should take Rivaroxaban immediately to ensure intake of the recommended daily dose. The patient should continue with the regular once daily dose as recommended on the following day.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Maximum daily dose: The recommended maximum daily dose is 30 mg during the first 3 weeks of treatment. In the following treatment phase the recommended maximum daily dose is 20 mg.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Additional information on special populations: Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Patients with hepatic impairment: Rivaroxaban is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease which is associated with coagulopathy leading to a clinically relevant bleeding risk.
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with other hepatic diseases.
Limited clinical data in patients with moderate hepatic impairment indicate a significant increase in the pharmacological activity.
No clinical data are available for patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Patients with renal impairment: No dose adjustment is required if Rivaroxaban is administered in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment.
Limited clinical data for patients with severe renal impairment indicate that rivaroxaban plasma levels are significantly increased in this patient population. Therefore Rivaroxaban must be used with caution in these patients.
Use of Rivaroxaban is not recommended in patients with CrC: <15 ml/min.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Converting from Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) to Rivaroxaban: VKA treatment should be stopped and Rivaroxaban therapy should be initiated once the INR is ≤ 2.5. When converting patients from VKAs to Rivaroxaban, INR values will be falsely elevated after the intake of Rivaroxaban. The INR is not valid to measure the anticoagulant activity of Rivaroxaban, and therefore should not be used.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Converting from Rivaroxaban to Vitamin K antagonists (VKA): There is a potential for inadequate anticoagulation during the transition from Rivaroxaban to VKA. Continuous adequate anticoagulation should be ensured during any transition to an alternate anticoagulant. It should be noted that Rivaroxaban can contribute to an elevated INR.
In patients converting from Rivaroxaban to VKA, VKA should be given concurrently until the INR is ≥2.0. For the first two days of the conversion period, standard VKA dosing should be used followed by VKA dosing guided by INR testing.
While patients are on both Rivaroxaban and VKA, the INR should not be tested earlier than 24 hours (after the previous dose but prior to the next dose of Rivaroxaban). Once Rivaroxaban is discontinued INR testing may be done reliably 24 hours after the last dose.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Converting from parenteral anti-coagulants to Rivaroxaban: For patients currently receiving a parenteral anticoagulant, start Rivaroxaban 0 to 2 hours before the time of the next scheduled administration of the parenteral drug (e.g. LMWH) or at the time of discontinuation of a continuously administered parenteral drug (e.g. intravenous unfractionated heparin).
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Converting from Rivaroxaban to parenteral anti-coagulants: Discontinue Rivaroxaban and give the first dose of parenteral anticoagulant at the time that the next Rivaroxaban dose would be taken.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Children and adolescents (from birth to 16 or 18 years depending on local law): Safety and efficacy have not been established in children and adolescents below 18 years.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Geriatric patients: No dose adjustment is required based on age.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Gender: No dose adjustment is required based on gender.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Body weight: No dose adjustment is required based on body weight.
Treatment and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE: Ethnic differences: No dose adjustment is required based on ethnic differences.

The use of activated charcoal to reduce absorption in case of rivaroxaban overdose may be considered.
10 mg: Rare cases of overdose up to 1,960 mg have been reported. In case of overdose, the patient should be observed carefully for bleeding complications or other adverse reactions (see "Management of bleeding" as follows). Due to limited absorption a ceiling effect with no further increase in average plasma exposure is expected at supratherapeutic doses of 50 mg rivaroxaban or above.
15 mg and 20 mg: In adults, rare cases of overdose up to 1,960 mg have been reported. In case of overdose, the patient should be observed carefully for bleeding complications or other adverse reactions (see "Management of bleeding" as follows). There is limited data available in children. Due to limited absorption a ceiling effect with no further increase in average plasma exposure is expected at supratherapeutic doses of 50 mg rivaroxaban or above in adults, however, no data is available at supratherapeutic doses in children.
A specific reversal agent (andexanet alfa) antagonising the pharmacodynamic effect of rivaroxaban is available for adults, but not established in children (refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics of andexanet alfa).
Management of bleeding: Should a bleeding complication arise in a patient receiving rivaroxaban, the next rivaroxaban administration should be delayed or treatment should be discontinued as appropriate. Rivaroxaban has a half-life of approximately 5 to 13 hours in adults. [The half-life in children estimated using population pharmacokinetic (popPK) modelling approaches is shorter (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions) - 15 mg and 20 mg]. Management should be individualised according to the severity and location of the haemorrhage. Appropriate symptomatic treatment could be used as needed, such as mechanical compression (e.g. for severe epistaxis), surgical haemostasis with bleeding control procedures, fluid replacement and haemodynamic support, blood products (packed red cells or fresh frozen plasma, depending on associated anaemia or coagulopathy) or platelets.
If bleeding cannot be controlled by the previously mentioned measures, either the administration of a specific factor Xa inhibitor reversal agent (andexanet alfa), which antagonises the pharmacodynamic effect of rivaroxaban, or a specific procoagulant agent, such as prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) or recombinant factor VIIa (r-FVIIa), should be considered. However, there is currently very limited clinical experience with the use of these medicinal products in adults and in children receiving rivaroxaban. The recommendation is also based on limited nonclinical data. Re-dosing of recombinant factor VIIa shall be considered and titrated depending on improvement of bleeding. Depending on local availability, a consultation with a coagulation expert should be considered in case of major bleedings (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Protamine sulphate and vitamin K are not expected to affect the anticoagulant activity of rivaroxaban. There is limited experience with tranexamic acid and no experience with aminocaproic acid and aprotinin in individuals and adults receiving rivaroxaban. (There is no experience on the use of these agents in children receiving rivaroxaban - 15 mg and 20 mg.) There is neither scientific rationale for benefit nor experience with the use of the systemic haemostatic desmopressin in individuals receiving rivaroxaban. Due to the high plasma protein binding rivaroxaban is not expected to be dialysable.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in Description.
Active clinically significant bleeding.
Lesion or condition, if considered to be a significant risk for major bleeding. This may include current or recent gastrointestinal ulceration, presence of malignant neoplasms at high risk of bleeding, recent brain or spinal injury, recent brain, spinal or ophthalmic surgery, recent intracranial haemorrhage, known or suspected oesophageal varices, arteriovenous malformations, vascular aneurysms or major intraspinal or intracerebral vascular abnormalities.
Concomitant treatment with any other anticoagulants, e.g. unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparins (enoxaparin, dalteparin, etc.), heparin derivatives (fondaparinux, etc.), oral anticoagulants (warfarin, dabigatran etexilate, apixaban, etc.) except under specific circumstances of switching anticoagulant therapy (see Dosage & Administration) or when UFH is given at doses necessary to maintain an open central venous or arterial catheter (see Interactions).
Hepatic disease associated with coagulopathy and clinically relevant bleeding risk including cirrhotic patients with Child Pugh B and C (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Pregnancy and breast-feeding (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).

Clinical surveillance in line with anticoagulation practice is recommended throughout the treatment period.
Haemorrhagic risk: As with other anticoagulants, patients taking rivaroxaban are to be carefully observed for signs of bleeding. It is recommended to be used with caution in conditions with increased risk of haemorrhage. Rivaroxaban administration should be discontinued if severe haemorrhage occurs (see Overdosage).
In the clinical studies mucosal bleedings (i.e. epistaxis, gingival, gastrointestinal, genito-urinary including abnormal vaginal or increased menstrual bleeding) and anaemia were seen more frequently during long term rivaroxaban treatment compared with VKA treatment. Thus, in addition to adequate clinical surveillance, laboratory testing of haemoglobin/haematocrit could be of value to detect occult bleeding and quantify the clinical relevance of overt bleeding, as judged to be appropriate.
Several sub-groups of patients, as detailed as follows, are at increased risk of bleeding. These patients are to be carefully monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding complications and anaemia after initiation of treatment (see Adverse Reactions). (In patients receiving Rivaroxaban for VTE prevention following elective hip or knee replacement surgery, this may be done by regular physical examination of the patients, close observation of the surgical wound drainage and periodic measurements of haemoglobin - 10 mg).
Any unexplained fall in haemoglobin or blood pressure should lead to a search for a bleeding site.
Although treatment with rivaroxaban does not require routine monitoring of exposure, rivaroxaban levels measured with a calibrated quantitative anti-factor Xa assay may be useful in exceptional situations where knowledge of rivaroxaban exposure may help to inform clinical decisions, e.g. overdose and emergency surgery (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Renal impairment: In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min) rivaroxaban plasma levels may be significantly increased (1.6 fold on average) which may lead to an increased bleeding risk. Rivaroxaban is to be used with caution in patients with creatinine clearance 15 - 29 ml/min. Use is not recommended in patients with creatinine clearance < 15 ml/min (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
10 mg: In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 - 49 ml/min) concomitantly receiving other medicinal products which increase rivaroxaban plasma concentrations rivaroxaban is to be used with caution (see Interactions).
15 mg & 20 mg: Rivaroxaban should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment concomitantly receiving other medicinal products which increase rivaroxaban plasma concentrations (see Interactions).
Rivaroxaban is not recommended in children and adolescents with moderate or severe renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate < 50 mL/min/1.73 m²), as no clinical data is available.
Interaction with other medicinal products: The use of rivaroxaban is not recommended in patients receiving concomitant systemic treatment with azole-antimycotics (such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole) or HIV protease inhibitors (e.g. ritonavir). These active substances are strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-gp and therefore may increase rivaroxaban plasma concentrations to a clinically relevant degree (2.6 fold on average) which may lead to an increased bleeding risk (see Interactions). (No clinical data is available in children receiving concomitant systemic treatment with strong inhibitors of both CYP 3A4 and P-gp - 15 mg and 20 mg).
Care is to be taken if patients are treated concomitantly with medicinal products affecting haemostasis such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicinal products (NSAIDs), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and platelet aggregation inhibitors or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). For patients at risk of ulcerative gastrointestinal disease an appropriate prophylactic treatment may be considered (see Interactions).
Other haemorrhagic risk factors: As with other antithrombotics, rivaroxaban is not recommended in patients with an increased bleeding risk such as: congenital or acquired bleeding disorders; uncontrolled severe arterial hypertension; other gastrointestinal disease without active ulceration that can potentially lead to bleeding complications (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, oesophagitis, gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux disease); vascular retinopathy; bronchiectasis or history of pulmonary bleeding.
Patients with cancer: Patients with malignant disease may simultaneously be at higher risk of bleeding and thrombosis. The individual benefit of antithrombotic treatment should be weighed against risk for bleeding in patients with active cancer dependent on tumour location, antineoplastic therapy and stage of disease.
Tumours located in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract have been associated with an increased risk of bleeding during rivaroxaban therapy.
In patients with malignant neoplasms at high risk of bleeding, the use of rivaroxaban is contraindicated (see Contraindications).
Patients with prosthetic valves: Rivaroxaban should not be used for thromboprophylaxis in patients having recently undergone transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban have not been studied in patients with prosthetic heart valves; therefore, there are no data to support that rivaroxaban provides adequate anticoagulation in this patient population. Treatment with rivaroxaban is not recommended for these patients.
Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: Direct acting Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) including rivaroxaban are not recommended for patients with a history of thrombosis who are diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome. In particular for patients that are triple positive (for lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies), treatment with DOACs could be associated with increased rates of recurrent thrombotic events compared with vitamin K antagonist therapy.
Hip fracture surgery: 10 mg: Clinical data are available from an interventional study with the primary objective to assess safety in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who undergo PCI with stent placement. Data on efficacy in this population are limited (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions). No data are available for such patients with a history of stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA).
Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who undergo PCI with stent placement: 15 mg and 20 mg: Rivaroxaban has not been studied in interventional clinical studies in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery to evaluate efficacy and safety.
Haemodynamically unstable PE patients or patients who require thrombolysis or pulmonary embolectomy: Rivaroxaban is not recommended as an alternative to unfractionated heparin in patients with pulmonary embolism who are haemodynamically unstable or may receive thrombolysis or pulmonary embolectomy since the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban have not been established in these clinical situations.
Spinal/epidural anaesthesia or puncture: When neuraxial anaesthesia (spinal/epidural anaesthesia) or spinal/epidural puncture is employed, patients treated with antithrombotic agents for prevention of thromboembolic complications are at risk of developing an epidural or spinal haematoma which can result in long-term or permanent paralysis. The risk of these events may be increased by the post-operative use of indwelling epidural catheters or the concomitant use of medicinal products affecting haemostasis. The risk may also be increased by traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal puncture. Patients are to be frequently monitored for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment (e.g. numbness or weakness of the legs, bowel or bladder dysfunction). If neurological compromise is noted, urgent diagnosis and treatment is necessary. Prior to neuraxial intervention the physician should consider the potential benefit versus the risk in anticoagulated patients or in patients to be anticoagulated for thromboprophylaxis. (There is no clinical experience with the use of 15 mg rivaroxaban in these situations - 15 mg and 20 mg).
To reduce the potential risk of bleeding associated with the concurrent use of rivaroxaban and neuraxial (epidural/spinal) anaesthesia or spinal puncture, consider the pharmacokinetic profile of rivaroxaban. Placement or removal of an epidural catheter or lumbar puncture is best performed when the anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban is estimated to be low (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions). (However, the exact timing to reach a sufficiently low anticoagulant effect in each patient is not known and should be weighed against the urgency of a diagnostic procedure - 15 mg and 20 mg).
If traumatic puncture occurs the administration of rivaroxaban is to be delayed for 24 hours.
10 mg: At least 18 hours should elapse after the last administration of rivaroxaban before removal of an epidural catheter. Following removal of the catheter, at least 6 hours should elapse before the next rivaroxaban dose is administered.
15 mg and 20 mg: For the removal of an epidural catheter and based on the general PK characteristics at least 2x half-life, i.e.at least 18 hours in young adult patients and 26 hours in elderly patients should elapse after the last administration of rivaroxaban (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions). Following removal of the catheter, at least 6 hours should elapse before the next rivaroxaban dose is administered.
No data is available on the timing of the placement or removal of neuraxial catheter in children while on rivaroxaban. In such cases, discontinue rivaroxaban and consider a short acting parenteral anticoagulant.
Dosing recommendations before and after invasive procedures and surgical intervention (other than elective hip or knee replacement surgery - 10 mg): If an invasive procedure or surgical intervention is required, Rivaroxaban 10 mg or 15 mg should be stopped at least 24 hours before the intervention, if possible and based on the clinical judgement of the physician.
If the procedure cannot be delayed the increased risk of bleeding should be assessed against the urgency of the intervention.
Rivaroxaban should be restarted as soon as possible after the invasive procedure or surgical intervention provided the clinical situation allows and adequate haemostasis has been established as determined by the treating physician (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Dermatological reactions: Serious skin reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis and DRESS syndrome, have been reported during post-marketing surveillance in association with the use of rivaroxaban (see Adverse Reactions). Patients appear to be at highest risk for these reactions early in the course of therapy: the onset of the reaction occurring in the majority of cases within the first weeks of treatment. Rivaroxaban should be discontinued at the first appearance of a severe skin rash (e.g. spreading, intense and/or blistering), or any other sign of hypersensitivity in conjunction with mucosal lesions.
Information about excipients: Rivaroxaban tablet contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per dosage unit, that is to say essentially "sodium-free".
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Rivaroxaban has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Adverse reactions like syncope (frequency: uncommon) and dizziness (frequency: common) have been reported (see Adverse Reactions). Patients experiencing these adverse reactions should not drive or use machines.
Use in Children: 15 mg and 20 mg: There is limited data in children with cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis who have a CNS infection (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions). The risk of bleeding should be carefully evaluated before and during therapy with rivaroxaban.
Use in the Elderly: Increasing age may increase haemorrhagic risk (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).

Pregnancy: Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban have not been established in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions). Due to the potential reproductive toxicity, the intrinsic risk of bleeding and the evidence that rivaroxaban passes the placenta, rivaroxaban is contraindicated during pregnancy (see Contraindications).
Women of child-bearing potential should avoid becoming pregnant during treatment with rivaroxaban.
Breast-feeding: Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban have not been established in breast-feeding women. Data from animals indicate that rivaroxaban is secreted into milk. Therefore rivaroxaban is contraindicated during breast-feeding (see Contraindications). A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from therapy.
Fertility: No specific studies with rivaroxaban in humans have been conducted to evaluate effects on fertility. In a study on male and female fertility in rats no effects were seen (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).

Summary of the safety profile: The safety of rivaroxaban has been evaluated in thirteen pivotal phase III studies (see Table 10).
Overall, 69,608 adult patients in nineteen phase III studies and 488 paediatric patients in two phase II and two phase III studies were exposed to rivaroxaban. (See Table 10.)

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The most commonly reported adverse reactions in patients receiving rivaroxaban were bleedings (see Precautions and Description of selected adverse reactions as follows) (Table 11). The most commonly reported bleedings were epistaxis (4.5%) and gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage (3.8%). (See Table 11.)

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Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The frequencies of adverse reactions reported with rivaroxaban in adult and paediatric patients are summarised in Table 12 as follows by system organ class (in MedDRA) and by frequency.
Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). (See Table 12.)

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Description of selected adverse reactions: Due to the pharmacological mode of action, the use of rivaroxaban may be associated with an increased risk of occult or overt bleeding from any tissue or organ which may result in post haemorrhagic anaemia. The signs, symptoms, and severity (including fatal outcome) will vary according to the location and degree or extent of the bleeding and/or anaemia (see Management of bleeding under Overdosage). In the clinical studies mucosal bleedings (i.e. epistaxis, gingival, gastrointestinal, genitourinary including abnormal vaginal or increased menstrual bleeding) and anaemia were seen more frequently during long term rivaroxaban treatment compared with VKA treatment. Thus, in addition to adequate clinical surveillance, laboratory testing of haemoglobin/haematocrit could be of value to detect occult bleeding and quantify the clinical relevance of overt bleeding, as judged to be appropriate. The risk of bleedings may be increased in certain patient groups, e.g. those patients with uncontrolled severe arterial hypertension and/or on concomitant treatment affecting haemostasis (see Haemorrhagic risk under Precautions). Menstrual bleeding may be intensified and/or prolonged. Haemorrhagic complications may present as weakness, paleness, dizziness, headache or unexplained swelling, dyspnoea and unexplained shock. In some cases as a consequence of anaemia, symptoms of cardiac ischaemia like chest pain or angina pectoris have been observed.
Known complications secondary to severe bleeding such as compartment syndrome and renal failure due to hypoperfusion, or anticoagulant-related nephropathy have been reported for rivaroxaban. Therefore, the possibility of haemorrhage is to be considered in evaluating the condition in any anticoagulated patient.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme, Website: https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/ or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

(The extent of interactions in the paediatric population is not known. The mentioned interaction data as follows was obtained in adults and the warnings in Precautions should be taken into account for the paediatric population - 15 mg and 20 mg).
CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitors: Co-administration of rivaroxaban with ketoconazole (400 mg once a day) or ritonavir (600 mg twice a day) led to a 2.6 fold/2.5 fold increase in mean rivaroxaban AUC and a 1.7 fold/1.6 fold increase in mean rivaroxaban C_max, with significant increases in pharmacodynamic effects which may lead to an increased bleeding risk. Therefore, the use of rivaroxaban is not recommended in patients receiving concomitant systemic treatment with azole-antimycotics such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole or HIV protease inhibitors. These active substances are strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-gp (see Precautions).
Active substances strongly inhibiting only one of the rivaroxaban elimination pathways, either CYP3A4 or P-gp, are expected to increase rivaroxaban plasma concentrations to a lesser extent. Clarithromycin (500 mg twice a day), for instance, considered as a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate P-gp inhibitor, led to a 1.5 fold increase in mean rivaroxaban AUC and a 1.4 fold increase in C_max. The interaction with clarithromycin is likely not clinically relevant in most patients but can be potentially significant in high-risk patients. (For patients with renal impairment: see Precautions.)
Erythromycin (500 mg three times a day), which inhibits CYP3A4 and P-gp moderately, led to a 1.3 fold increase in mean rivaroxaban AUC and C_max. The interaction with erythromycin is likely not clinically relevant in most patients but can be potentially significant in high-risk patients.
In subjects with mild renal impairment erythromycin (500 mg three times a day) led to a 1.8 fold increase in mean rivaroxaban AUC and 1.6 fold increase in C_max when compared to subjects with normal renal function. In subjects with moderate renal impairment, erythromycin led to a 2.0 fold increase in mean rivaroxaban AUC and 1.6 fold increase in C_max when compared to subjects with normal renal function. The effect of erythromycin is additive to that of renal impairment (see Precautions).
Fluconazole (400 mg once daily), considered as a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, led to a 1.4 fold increase in mean rivaroxaban AUC and a 1.3 fold increase in mean C_max. The interaction with fluconazole is likely not clinically relevant in most patients but can be potentially significant in high-risk patients. (For patients with renal impairment: see Precautions.)
Given the limited clinical data available with dronedarone, co-administration with rivaroxaban should be avoided.
Anticoagulants: After combined administration of enoxaparin (40 mg single dose) with rivaroxaban (10 mg single dose) an additive effect on anti-factor Xa activity was observed without any additional effects on clotting tests (PT, aPTT). Enoxaparin did not affect the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban.
Due to the increased bleeding risk care is to be taken if patients are treated concomitantly with any other anticoagulants (see Contraindications and Precautions).
NSAIDs/platelet aggregation inhibitors: No clinically relevant prolongation of bleeding time was observed after concomitant administration of rivaroxaban (15 mg) and 500 mg naproxen. Nevertheless, there may be individuals with a more pronounced pharmacodynamic response.
No clinically significant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions were observed when rivaroxaban was co-administered with 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid.
Clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg maintenance dose) did not show a pharmacokinetic interaction with rivaroxaban (15 mg) but a relevant increase in bleeding time was observed in a subset of patients which was not correlated to platelet aggregation, P-selectin or GPIIb/IIIa receptor levels.
Care is to be taken if patients are treated concomitantly with NSAIDs (including acetylsalicylic acid) and platelet aggregation inhibitors because these medicinal products typically increase the bleeding risk (see Precautions).
SSRIs/SNRIs: As with other anticoagulants the possibility may exist that patients are at increased risk of bleeding in case of concomitant use with SSRIs or SNRIs due to their reported effect on platelets. When concomitantly used in the rivaroxaban clinical programme, numerically higher rates of major or non-major clinically relevant bleeding were observed in all treatment groups.
Warfarin: Converting patients from the vitamin K antagonist warfarin (INR 2.0 to 3.0) to rivaroxaban (20 mg) or from rivaroxaban (20 mg) to warfarin (INR 2.0 to 3.0 increased prothrombin time/INR (Neoplastin) more than additively (individual INR values up to 12 may be observed), whereas effects on aPTT, inhibition of factor Xa activity and endogenous thrombin potential were additive.
If it is desired to test the pharmacodynamic effects of rivaroxaban during the conversion period, anti-factor Xa activity, PiCT, and Heptest can be used as these tests were not affected by warfarin. On the fourth day after the last dose of warfarin, all tests (including PT, aPTT, inhibition of factor Xa activity and ETP) reflected only the effect of rivaroxaban.
If it is desired to test the pharmacodynamic effects of warfarin during the conversion period, INR measurement can be used at the C_trough of rivaroxaban (24 hours after the previous intake of rivaroxaban) as this test is minimally affected by rivaroxaban at this point.
No pharmacokinetic interaction was observed between warfarin and rivaroxaban.
CYP3A4 inducers: Co-administration of rivaroxaban with the strong CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin led to an approximate 50% decrease in mean rivaroxaban AUC, with parallel decreases in its pharmacodynamic effects. The concomitant use of rivaroxaban with other strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital or St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)) may also lead to reduce rivaroxaban plasma concentrations. Therefore, concomitant administration of strong CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided unless the patient is closely observed for signs and symptoms of thrombosis.
Other concomitant therapies: No clinically significant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions were observed when rivaroxaban was co-administered with midazolam (substrate of CYP3A4), digoxin (substrate of P-gp), atorvastatin (substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp) or omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor). Rivaroxaban neither inhibits nor induces any major CYP isoforms like CYP3A4.
[No clinically relevant interaction with food was observed (see Dosage & Administration) - 10 mg].
Laboratory parameters: Clotting parameters (e.g. PT, aPTT, HepTest) are affected as expected by the mode of action of rivaroxaban (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).

Incompatibilities: Not applicable.
Special precautions for disposal: Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Crushing of tablets: Rivaroxaban tablets may be crushed and suspended in 50 mL of water and administered via a nasogastric tube or gastric feeding tube after confirming gastric placement of the tube. Afterwards, the tube should be flushed with water. Since rivaroxaban absorption is dependent on the site of active substance release, administration of rivaroxaban distal to the stomach should be avoided, as this can result in reduced absorption and thereby, reduced active substance exposure.
10 mg: Enteral feeding is not required immediately after administration of the 10 mg tablets.
15 mg and 20 mg: After the administration of a crushed rivaroxaban 15 mg or 20 mg tablet, the dose should then be immediately followed by enteral feeding.

Shelf life: Crushed tablets: Crushed rivaroxaban tablets are stable in water and in apple puree for up to 4 hours.
Special precautions for storage: Store below 30°C.

Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets & Fibrinolytics (Thrombolytics)

B01AF01 - rivaroxaban ; Belongs to the class of direct factor Xa inhibitors. Used in the treatment of thrombosis.

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