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Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Carbocisteine reduce the goblet cell hyperplasia. Another study showed that effects of carbocisteine on fucosylated and sialylated sugar chains on airway mucin (MUC5AC) may partially explain increased viscosity of mucous.
Anti-inflammatory properties via modulation of fucose residues on alveolar macrophages leading to increased clearance of apoptotic cell has also been described.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Carbocisteine is rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and peak plasma concentrations occur approximately 1 to 3 hours after oral dose.
Distribution: The volume of distribution (Vd) is about 60 to 105 L and it distributes to lung and respiratory.
Metabolism: Multiple metabolic pathways leading to multiple metabolites may be involved, including glucuronidation, N-acetylation and sulfoxidation. Metabolism may vary due to circadian rhythm and genetic polymorphisms.
Excretion: Urine (primary route, 15.6% to 37.9% recovered as unchanged drug after 16 hours).
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