Both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions have been reported with beta blockers. Pharmacodynamic interactions may occur with drugs whose actions enhance or antagonise the various effects of beta blockers at beta1 receptors, including their antihypertensive effect, cardiodepressant effect, effect on carbohydrate metabolism, or effect on bronchial beta2 receptors. The characteristics of the individual beta blocker must therefore be borne in mind when considering likely interactions.