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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Type 1 DM may present with hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss for several weeks; type 2 DM may present with obesity, glycosuria with ketonuria, absent or mild polyuria, ketoacidosis, and acanthosis nigricans.
DM can be diagnosed if polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss are present and FPG concentration is ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and/or casual plasma glucose is ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
Goals of therapy include maintaining a balance between tight glucose control and avoiding hypoglycemia, eliminating polyuria and nocturia, preventing ketoacidosis, and permitting normal growth and development.
For further information regarding the management of Diabetes Mellitus (Pediatric), please refer to Disease Algorithm for the Treatment Guideline.
Type 1 DM may present with hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss for several weeks; type 2 DM may present with obesity, glycosuria with ketonuria, absent or mild polyuria, ketoacidosis, and acanthosis nigricans.
DM can be diagnosed if polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss are present and FPG concentration is ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) and/or casual plasma glucose is ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
Goals of therapy include maintaining a balance between tight glucose control and avoiding hypoglycemia, eliminating polyuria and nocturia, preventing ketoacidosis, and permitting normal growth and development.
For further information regarding the management of Diabetes Mellitus (Pediatric), please refer to Disease Algorithm for the Treatment Guideline.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who should undergo diabetes mellitus screening?
Screening is recommended for adults who are overweight, defined as BMI ≥23 kg/m² for Asians, or who have waist circumference ≥80 cm in Asian women or ≥90 cm in Asian men plus risk factors such as inactivity, family history, gestational diabetes, PCOS, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or high-risk ethnicity. Read more
What is the criteria to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed by HbA1c ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L, 2-hour plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L during a 75-g OGTT, or random plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L in patients with classic hyperglycemic symptoms or hyperglycemic crisis. Confirmatory testing is required when typical symptoms are absent. Read more
When is insulin indicated in diabetes?
Insulin is required for type 1 diabetes and may be needed in type 2 diabetes when glycemic control remains inadequate despite non-insulin therapy. It may also be used for severe hyperglycemia, acute illness, pregnancy, perioperative care, or when symptoms of catabolism are present. Read more
What nonpharmacological measures support diabetes care?
Nonpharmacological management includes medical nutrition therapy, regular physical activity, weight management when appropriate, smoking cessation, diabetes self-management education, and support for adherence. These measures are essential throughout treatment and should be individualized according to age, comorbidities, lifestyle, and treatment goals. Read more
How is glycemic control monitored long term?
Glycemic control is assessed using blood glucose monitoring or interstitial glucose monitoring and HbA1c. HbA1c reflects average glycemia over about 3 months and should be checked regularly, with frequency based on clinical status, treatment regimen, achievement of goals, and physician judgment. Read more
