Remopain 3% Mechanism of Action

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), a pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Ketorolac is a potent analgesic agent of the NSAID. It is not an opioid and has no known effects on opioid receptors. Its mode of action is to inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme system and hence prostaglandin synthesis, and it demonstrates a minimal anti-inflammatory effect at its analgesic dose.
Pharmacokinetics: Onset of action (Intramuscular [IM], Intravenous [IV]): 30 minutes.
Peak effect (IM, IV): ≤2 to 3 hours.
Duration: analgesic 4 to 6 hours.
Absorption (IM): rapid and complete.
Distribution: poor penetration into cerebrospinal fluid.
V_d beta: Children 4 to 8 years: 0.19 to 0.44 L/kg (mean: 0.26 L/kg).
Adults: 0.11 to 0.33 L/kg (mean: 0.18 L/kg).
Protein binding: 99%.
Metabolism: hepatic (hydroxylation and glucuronide conjugation). In children 4 to 8 years, V_dss and plasma clearance were twice as high as adults.
Bioavailability (IM): 100%.
Half-life elimination: Children 4 to 8 years: mean about 6 hours, range 3.5 to 10 hours.
Adults: mean about 5 hours, range 2 to 9 hours.
Prolonged 30% to 50% in elderly.
Renal impairment: mean about 11 hours, range 4 to 19 hours.
Renal dialysis patients: mean about 14 hours, range 8 to 40 hours.
Time of peak, serum (IM, IV): 30 to 60 minutes and 1 to 3 minutes respectively.
Excretion: Urine (92%, 60% as unchanged drug), feces (6%).