Molecular structure pattern

Candidiasis (Pediatric) References

  1. Hope WW, Castagnola E, Groll AH, et al.. European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: prevention and management of invasive infections in neonates and children caused by Candida spp.. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Dec;18(7):38-52. doi: 10/1111/1469-0691. Accessed 19 Feb 2014. PMID: 23137136
  2. Ericson J, Smith PB, Benjamin DK. Candida. In: Kliegman RM. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2016:1515-1518.e1.
  3. Taylor M, Brizuela M, Raja A. Oral candidiasis. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Sep.
  4. Bortolussi R, Martin S; Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS). Antifungal agents for common outpatient paediatric infections. CPS. https://cps.ca/. 2019.
  5. Brodell RT, Dolohanty LB. Intertrigo. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. May 2022.
  6. Campbell JR, Palazzi DL. Candida infections in children. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 25 Mar 2026. Accessed 08 May 2025.
  7. Campbell JR, Palazzi DL. Candidemia and invasive candidiasis in children: management. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 20 Jan 2026. Accessed 09 Feb 2023.
  8. Campbell JR, Palazzi DL. Candidemia and invasive candidiasis in children: clinical manifestations and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 12 Nov 2025. Accessed 08 May 2025.
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Candida infections of the mouth, throat, and esophagus. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Feb 2021.
  10. Durand ML. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2022.
  11. Ferreras-Antolín L, Sharland M, Warris A. Management of invasive fungal disease in neonates and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019 Jun;38(6S)(Suppl 1):S2-S6. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002317. PMID: 31205236
  12. Horii KA. Diaper dermatitis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 10 Feb 2022. Accessed 17 Feb 2023.
  13. Lodi G. Oral lesions. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Jun 2022.
  14. Pammi M. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Candida infection in neonates. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Oct 2022.
  15. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb;62(Suppl 4):e1-50. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ933. PMID: 26679628
  16. Ullmann AJ, Cornely OA, Donnelly JP, et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: developing European guidelines in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Dec;18(Suppl 7):1-8. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12037. PMID: 23137135
  17. Walsh TJ, Katragkou A, Chen T, et al. Invasive candidiasis in infants and children: recent advances in epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Fungi (Basel). 2019 Jan;5(Suppl 1):11. doi: 10.3390/jof5010011. PMID: 30678324
  18. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines on the treatment of skin and oral HIV-associated conditions in children and adults. WHO. https://www.who.int/. 2014.
  19. Vasileiou E, Apsemidou A, Vyzantiadis TA, et al. Invasive candidiasis and candidemia in pediatric and neonatal patients: a review of current guidelines. Curr Med Mycol. 2018 Sep;4(3):28-33. doi: 10.18502/cmm.4.3.173. PMID: 30619967
  20. Cornely OA, Sprute R, Bassetti M, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 May;25(5):e280-e293. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00749-7. PMID: 39956121
  21. Pammi M. Candida infection in neonates: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 15 Jul 2026. Accessed 08 May 2025.
  22. Pammi M. Candida infection in neonates: treatment and prevention. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 15 Jul 2026. Accessed 08 May 2025.