RiteMED Glucosamine Sulfate Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Glucosamine is a natural substance found in chitin, mucoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides. It is involved in the manufacture of glycosaminoglycan, which forms cartilage tissue in the body. Glucosamine is also present in tendons and ligaments. Glucosamine is synthesized in the body but its ability to do so declines with age. Thus, Glucosamine and its salts have been given for their chondroprotective action in musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis. Glucosamine also acts to improve viscosity of by increasing synovial fluid production, thereby providing lubricant activity.
In addition to the primary role of Glucosamine itself, inorganic sulfates may contribute to the pharmacological effect of Glucosamine since they are essential for controlling the rate of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan synthesis.
Pharmacokinetics: Following oral administration, about 90% of Glucosamine (as Glucosamine salt) is absorbed from the small intestine. The maximum concentration (C_max) after oral administration of Glucosamine Sulfate to healthy adults is 31 mcM/L. The bioavailability of oral Glucosamine Sulfate is 26% and the volume of distribution is 2.5 liters. Glucosamine is incorporated into plasma glycoproteins and is distributed into liver, kidney and skeletal tissues. It is not currently known how much of an ingested dose is taken up in human joints. However, some uptake in articular cartilage was seen in animal studies; approximately 30% of Glucosamine is taken up in skeletal tissues of the rat. A significant amount (70%) of Glucosamine Sulfate is catabolized by first-pass metabolism in the liver and ultimately to carbon dioxide, water and urea. Glucosamine is excreted mainly in the urine with only small amounts excreted in feces. Notable amounts are also metabolized to carbon dioxide and excreted via expired air. Elimination is delayed in renal insufficiency.