Re-Leaf/Re-Leaf Forte Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics/Pharmacokinetics: There have been more than 100 volatile or non-volatile constituents isolated from Sambong, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoids, organic acids, esters, alcohols, dihydroflavone, and sterols. L-borneol was the most abundant and active constituent in this plant. Studies of Sambong mainly focused on the volatile oils and flavonoids, which possessed various bioactivities in vivo and in vitro. In the Philippines, Sambong (Re-leaf) has been shown to have diuretic properties at 32-50 mg/kg BW in 3 divided doses comparable to that of thiazide producing significant chloriuresis and some potassium and sodium sparing effect. This showed that Sambong (Re-leaf) may act along more than one segment of the nephron.
A local in-vitro study evaluating the chemolytic effects of Sambong (Re-leaf) in calcium stones revealed that at a maximal dose of 40 mg/kg/day, Sambong (Re-leaf) produced statistically significant stone dissolution, spontaneous stone passage, sandy urine and absence or decrease in size and number of stones on IVP or ultrasound which was probably attributable to limonene. Sambong (Re-leaf) also contains borneol which has tonic effect that promotes muscle relaxation and sesquiterpene which has an inhibitory property in the Ca-ATPase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum but the exact mechanism is unclear.
Another joint in-vitro study done by the U.P. Department of Pharmacology and the National Science and Technology Authority (now the Department of Science and Technology) in 1980 showed that Sambong (Re-leaf) decreased the frequency and amplitude of intestinal contractions and paralysis in higher doses, demonstrating its action as a smooth muscle relaxant. This property may explain the ability of Sambong (Re-leaf) to cause spontaneous stone passage despite the stone size affording dramatic pain relief in most patients. Comparing the in-vitro dissolution of calcium and uric acid stones, Sambong (Re-leaf) used at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg was able to significantly reduce the weight of stones with a higher calcium oxalate content. Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical studies using Sambong (Re-leaf) tablets at a maximal dose of 40 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks showed statistically significant radiographic evidences of decrease in size of stones and spontaneous stone passage, resulting to complete cure in the majority of patients.
The oral LD₅₀ in mice of Sambong (Re-leaf) powdered leaves or tablets is 143.62 g/kg. Expressed juice, decoctions, powder, ethanol extract and tablets from Sambong (Re-leaf) leaves do not possess direct DNA damaging potential. No chromosome breaking effects were exhibited. However, these preparations reduced the genotoxicity of dimethylnitrosamine, methylmethanesulfonate, mitomycin c and tetracycline.