Palset

A clear, colourless solution, filled in a glass vial. When examined under suitable conditions of visibility it should be practically free from foreign particles.
Each mL contains: Palonosetron Hydrochloride equivalent to Palonosetron 0.05 mg, Water for Injection Ph.Eur. Q.S.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Mannitol, Citric acid monohydrate, Sodium citrate, Disodium EDTA, Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment), Hydrochloric acid concentrated (for pH adjustment) and Water for injection.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiemetics and antinauseants, serotonin (5HT3) antagonists. ATC code: A04AA05.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Palonosetron is a selective high-affinity receptor antagonist of the 5HT3 receptor.
In two randomised, double-blind studies with a total of 1,132 patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy that included cisplatin ≤50 mg/m², carboplatin, cyclophosphamide ≤1,500 mg/m² and doxorubicin >25 mg/m², palonosetron 250 micrograms and 750 micrograms were compared with ondansetron 32 mg (half-life 4 hours) or dolasetron 100 mg (half-life 7.3 hours) administered intravenously on Day 1, without dexamethasone.
In a randomised, double-blind study with a total of 667 patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy that included cisplatin ≥60 mg/m², cyclophosphamide >1,500 mg/m² and dacarbazine, palonosetron 250 micrograms and 750 micrograms were compared with ondansetron 32 mg administered intravenously on Day 1. Dexamethasone was administered prophylactically before chemotherapy in 67% of patients.
The pivotal studies were not designed to assess efficacy of palonosetron in delayed onset nausea and vomiting. The antiemetic activity was observed during 0-24 hours, 24-120 hours and 0-120 hours. Results for the studies on moderately emetogenic chemotherapy and for the study on highly emetogenic chemotherapy are summarised in the following tables.
Palonosetron was non-inferior versus the comparators in the acute phase of emesis both in moderately and highly emetogenic setting.
Although comparative efficacy of palonosetron in multiple cycles has not been demonstrated in controlled clinical studies, 875 patients enrolled in the three phase 3 trials continued in an open label safety study and were treated with palonosetron 750 micrograms for up to 9 additional cycles of chemotherapy. The overall safety was maintained during all cycles. (See Tables 1, 2 & 3.)

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The effect of palonosetron on blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG parameters including QTc were comparable to ondansetron and dolasetron in CINV clinical studies. In non-clinical studies palonosetron possesses the ability to block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarisation and to prolong action potential duration.
The effect of palonosetron on QTc interval was evaluated in a double blind, randomised, parallel, placebo and positive (moxifloxacin) controlled trial in adult men and women. The objective was to evaluate the ECG effects of intravenous administered palonosetron at single doses of 0.25, 0.75 or 2.25 mg in 221 healthy subjects. The study demonstrated no effect on QT/QTc interval duration as well as any other ECG interval at doses up to 2.25 mg. No clinically significant changes were shown on heart rate, atrioventricular (AV) conduction and cardiac repolarisation.
Paediatric population: Prevention of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV): The safety and efficacy of palonosetron intravenously at single doses of 3 mcg/kg and 10 mcg/kg was investigated in the first clinical study in 72 patients in the following age groups, >28 days to 23 months (12 patients), 2 to 11 years (31 patients), and 12 to 17 years of age (29 patients), receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. No safety concerns were raised at either dose level. The primary efficacy variable was the proportion of patients with a complete response (CR, defined as no emetic episode and no rescue medication) during the first 24 hours after the start of chemotherapy administration. Efficacy after palonosetron 10 mcg/kg compared to palonosetron 3 mcg/kg was 54.1% and 37.1% respectively.
The efficacy of palonosetron for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in paediatric cancer patients was demonstrated in a second non-inferiority pivotal trial comparing a single intravenous infusion of palonosetron versus an intravenous ondansetron regimen. A total of 493 paediatric patients, aged 64 days to 16.9 years, receiving moderately (69.2%) or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (30.8%) were treated with palonosetron 10 mcg/kg (maximum 0. 75 mg), palonosetron 20 mcg/kg (maximum 1.5 mg) or ondansetron (3 x 0.15 mg/kg , maximum total dose 32 mg) 30 minutes prior to the start of emetogenic chemotherapy during Cycle 1. Most patients were non-naive to chemotherapy (78.5%) across all treatment groups. Emetogenic chemotherapies administered included doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (<1500 mg/m²), ifosfamide, cisplatin, dactinomycin, carboplatin, and daunorubicin. Adjuvant corticosteroids, including dexamethasone, were administered with chemotherapy in 55% of patients. The primary efficacy endpoint was Complete Response in the acute phase of the first cycle of chemotherapy, defined as no vomiting, no retching, and no rescue medication in the first 24 hours after starting chemotherapy. Efficacy was based on demonstrating non-inferiority of intravenous palonosetron compared to intravenous ondansetron. Non-inferiority criteria were met if the lower bound of the 97.5% confidence interval for the difference in Complete Response rates of intravenous palonosetron minus intravenous ondansetron was larger than -15%. In the palonosetron 10 mcg/kg, 20 mcg/kg and ondansetron groups, the proportion of patients with CR_0-24h was 54.2%, 59.4% and 58.6%. Since the 97.5% confidence interval (stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel test) of the difference in CR_0-24h between palonosetron 20 mcg/kg and ondansetron was [-11.7%, 12.4%], the 20 mcg/kg palonosetron dose demonstrated non-inferiority to ondansetron.
While this study demonstrated that paediatric patients require a higher palonosetron dose than adults to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the safety profile is consistent with the established profile in adults (see Adverse Reactions). Pharmacokinetic information is provided in Pharmacokinetics as follows.
Prevention of Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV): Two paediatric trials were performed. The safety and efficacy of palonosetron intravenously at single doses of 1 mcg/kg and 3 mcg/kg was compared in the first clinical study in 150 patients in the following age groups, >28 days to 23 months (7 patients), 2 to 11 years (96 patients), and 12 to 16 years of age (47 patients) undergoing elective surgery. No safety concerns were raised in either treatment group. The proportion of patients without emesis during 0-72 hours post-operatively was similar after palonosetron 1 mcg/kg or 3 mcg/kg (88% vs 84%).
The second paediatric, trial was a multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, parallel group, active control, single-dose non-inferiority study, comparing intravenous palonosetron (1 mcg/kg, max 0.075 mg) versus intravenous. ondansetron. A total of 670 paediatric surgical patients participated, age 30 days to 16.9 years. The primary efficacy endpoint, Complete Response (CR: no vomiting, no retching, and no antiemetic rescue medication) during the first 24 hours postoperatively was achieved in 78.2% of patients in the palonosetron group and 82.7% in the ondansetron group. Given the prespecified non-inferiority margin of -10%, the stratum adjusted Mantel-Haenszel statistical non-inferiority confidence interval for the difference in the primary endpoint, complete response (CR), was [-10.5, 1.7%], therefore non-inferiority was not demonstrated. No new safety concerns were raised in either treatment group.
See Dosage & Administration for information on paediatric use.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Following intravenous administration, an initial decline in plasma concentrations is followed by slow elimination from the body with a mean terminal elimination half-life of approximately 40 hours. Mean maximum plasma concentration (C_max) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) are generally dose-proportional over the dose range of 0.3-90 mcg/kg in healthy subjects and in cancer patients.
Following intravenous administration of palonosetron 0.25 mg once every other day for 3 doses in 11 testicular cancer patients, the mean (±SD) increase in plasma concentration from Day 1 to Day 5 was 42 ± 34%. After intravenous administration of palonosetron 0.25 mg once daily for 3 days in 12 healthy subjects, the mean (±SD) increase in plasma palonosetron concentration from Day 1 to Day 3 was 110 ± 45%.
Pharmacokinetic simulations indicate that the overall exposure (AUC0-∞) of 0.25 mg intravenous palonosetron administered once daily for 3 consecutive days was similar to a single intravenous dose of 0.75 mg, although C_max of the 0.75 mg single dose was higher.
Distribution: Palonosetron at the recommended dose is widely distributed in the body with a volume of distribution of approximately 6.9 to 7.9 L/kg. Approximately 62% of palonosetron is bound to plasma proteins.
Biotransformation: Palonosetron is eliminated by dual route, about 40% eliminated through the kidney and with approximately 50% metabolised to form two primary metabolites, which have less than 1% of the 5HT3 receptor antagonist activity of palonosetron. In vitro metabolism studies have shown that CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoenzymes are involved in the metabolism of palonosetron. However, clinical pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between poor and extensive metabolisers of CYP2D6 substrates. Palonosetron does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 isoenzymes at clinically relevant concentrations.
Elimination: After a single intravenous dose of 10 micrograms/kg [¹⁴C]-palonosetron, approximately 80% of the dose was recovered within 144 hours in the urine with palonosetron representing approximately 40% of the administered dose, as unchanged active substance. After a single intravenous bolus administration in healthy subjects the total body clearance of palonosetron was 173±73 mL/min and renal clearance was 53±29 mL/min. The low total body clearance and large volume of distribution resulted in a terminal elimination half-life in plasma of approximately 40 hours. Ten percent of patients have a mean terminal elimination half-life greater than 100 hours.
Pharmacokinetics in special populations: Elderly: Age does not affect the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron. No dosage adjustment is necessary in elderly patients.
Gender: Gender does not affect the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron. No dosage adjustment is necessary based on gender.
Paediatric population: Single-dose intravenous palonosetron pharmacokinetic data was obtained from a subset of paediatric cancer patients (n=280) that received 10 mcg/kg or 20 mcg/kg. When the dose was increased from 10 mcg/kg to 20 mcg/kg a dose-proportional increase in mean AUC was observed. Following single dose intravenous infusion of palonosetron 20 mcg/kg, peak plasma concentrations (C_T) reported at the end of the 15 minute infusion were highly variable in all age groups and tended to be lower in patients <6 years than in older paediatric patients. Median half-life was 29.5 hours in overall age groups and ranged from about 20 to 30 hours across age groups after administration of 20 mcg/kg.
The total body clearance (L/h/kg) in patients 12 to 17 years old was similar to that in healthy adults. There are no apparent differences in volume of distribution when expressed as L/kg. (See Table 4.)

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Renal impairment: Mild to moderate renal impairment does not significantly affect palonosetron pharmacokinetic parameters. Severe renal impairment reduces renal clearance, however total body clearance in these patients is similar to healthy subjects. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal insufficiency. No pharmacokinetic data in haemodialysis patients are available.
Hepatic impairment: Hepatic impairment does not significantly affect total body clearance of palonosetron compared to the healthy subjects. While the terminal elimination half-life and mean systemic exposure of palonosetron is increased in the subjects with severe hepatic impairment, this does not warrant dose reduction.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Effects in non-clinical studies were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use.
Non-clinical studies indicate that palonosetron, only at very high concentrations, may block ion channels involved in ventricular de- and re-polarisation and prolong action potential duration.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development. Only limited data from animal studies are available regarding the placental transfer (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Palonosetron is not mutagenic. High doses of palonosetron (each dose causing at least 30 times the human therapeutic exposure) applied daily for two years caused an increased rate of liver tumours, endocrine neoplasms (in thyroid, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal medulla) and skin tumours in rats but not in mice. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, but because of the high doses employed and since palonosetron is intended for single application in humans, these findings are not considered relevant for clinical use.

PALSET is indicated in adults for: The prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.
PALSET is indicated in paediatric patients 1 month of age and older for.
The prevention of acute nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy and prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.

PALSET should be used only before chemotherapy administration. This medicinal product should be administered by a healthcare professional under appropriate medical supervision.
Posology: Adults: 250 micrograms palonosetron administered as a single intravenous bolus approximately 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy. PALSET should be injected over 30 seconds. The efficacy of palonosetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy may be enhanced by the addition of a corticosteroid administered prior to chemotherapy.
Elderly population: No dose adjustment is necessary for the elderly.
Paediatric population: Children and Adolescents (aged 1 month to 17 years): 20 micrograms/kg (the maximum total dose should not exceed 1500 micrograms) palonosetron administered as a single 15 minute intravenous infusion beginning approximately 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy.
The safety and efficacy of palonosetron in children aged less than 1 month have not been established. No data are available. These are limited data on the use of palonosetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting in children under 2 years of age.
Hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired hepatic function.
Renal impairment: No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired renal function. No data are available for patients with end stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis.
Method of administration: For intravenous use.

No case of overdose has been reported.
Doses of up to 6 mg have been used in adult clinical studies. The highest dose group showed a similar incidence of adverse reactions compared to the other dose groups and no dose response effects were observed. In the unlikely event of overdose with palonosetron, this should be managed with supportive care. Dialysis studies have not been performed, however, due to the large volume of distribution, dialysis is unlikely to be an effective treatment for palonosetron overdose.
Paediatric population: No case of overdose has been reported in paediatric clinical studies.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in Description.

As palonosetron may increase large bowel transit time, patients with a history of constipation or signs of subacute intestinal obstruction should be monitored following administration. Two cases of constipation with faecal impaction requiring hospitalisation have been reported in association with palonosetron 750 micrograms.
At all dose levels tested, palonosetron did not induce clinically relevant prolongation of the QTc interval. A specific thorough QT/QTc study was conducted in healthy volunteers for definitive data demonstrating the effect of palonosetron on QT/QTc.
However, as for other 5-HT₃ antagonists, caution should be exercised in the use of palonosetron in patients who have or are likely to develop prolongation of the QT interval. These conditions include patients with a personal or family history of QT prolongation, electrolyte abnormalities, congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, conduction disturbances and in patients taking anti-arrhythmic agents or other medicinal products that lead to QT prolongation or electrolyte abnormalities. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia should be corrected prior to 5-HT₃-antagonist administration.
There have been reports of serotonin syndrome with the use of 5-HT₃ antagonists either alone or in combination with other serotonergic drugs (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Appropriate observation of patients for serotonin syndrome-like symptoms is advised.
PALSET should not be used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting in the days following chemotherapy if not associated with another chemotherapy administration.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. Since palonosetron may induce dizziness, somnolence or fatigue, patients should be cautioned when driving or operating machines.

Pregnancy: For Palonosetron no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development. Only limited data from animal studies are available regarding the placental transfer.
There is no experience of palonosetron in human pregnancy. Therefore, palonosetron should not be used in pregnant women unless it is considered essential by the physician.
Breast-feeding: As there are no data concerning palonosetron excretion in breast milk, breast-feeding should be discontinued during therapy.
Fertility: There are no data concerning the effect of palonosetron on fertility.

In clinical studies in adults at a dose of 250 micrograms (total 633 patients) the most frequently observed adverse reactions, at least possibly related to palonosetron, were headache (9%) and constipation (5%).
In the clinical studies the following adverse reactions (ARs) were observed as possibly or probably related to palonosetron. These were classified as common (≥1/100 to <1/10) or uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100). Very rare (<1/10,000) adverse reactions were reported post-marketing.
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented as follows in order of decreasing seriousness. (See Table 5.)

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Paediatric population: In paediatric clinical trials for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy, 402 patients received a single dose of palonosetron (3, 10 or 20 mcg/kg). The following common or uncommon adverse reactions were reported for palonosetron, none were reported at a frequency of >1%. (See Table 6.)

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Adverse reactions were evaluated in paediatric patients receiving palonosetron for up to 4 chemotherapy cycles.

Palonosetron is mainly metabolised by CYP2D6, with minor contribution by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 isoenzymes. Based on in vitro studies, palonosetron does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 isoenzyme at clinically relevant concentrations.
Chemotherapeutic agents: In preclinical studies, palonosetron did not inhibit the antitumour activity of the five chemotherapeutic agents tested (cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, doxorubicin and mitomycin C).
Metoclopramide: In a clinical study, no significant pharmacokinetic interaction was shown between a single intravenous dose of palonosetron and steady state concentration of oral metoclopramide, which is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
CYP2D6 inducers and inhibitors: In a population pharmacokinetic analysis, it has been shown that there was no significant effect on palonosetron clearance when co-administered with CYP2D6 inducers (dexamethasone and rifampicin) and inhibitors (including amiodarone, celecoxib, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, doxorubicin, fluoxetine, haloperidol, paroxetine, quinidine, ranitidine, ritonavir, sertraline or terbinafine).
Corticosteroids: Palonosetron has been administered safely with corticosteroids.
Serotonergic Drugs (e.g. SSRIs and SNRIs): There have been reports of serotonin syndrome following concomitant use of 5-HT3 antagonists and other serotonergic drugs (including SSRIs and SNRIs).
Other medicinal products: Palonosetron has been administered safely with analgesics, antiemetic/antinauseants, antispasmodics and anticholinergic medicinal products.

Incompatibilities: This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
Special precautions for disposal and other handling: Single use only, any unused solution should be discarded.
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
Shelf life: 3 years.
Upon opening of the vial, use immediately and discard any unused solution.

Antiemetics / Supportive Care Therapy

A04AA05 - palonosetron ; Belongs to the class of serotonin (5HT3) antagonists. Used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.

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