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Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action: Nitrofurantoin interferes with cell metabolism and cell wall synthesis by inhibiting several enzyme systems including acetyl coenzyme A. It is bactericidal to most gram-positive and gram-negative urinary tract pathogens.
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism: Absorption: Readily absorbed from GI tract. Food may increase bioavailability and prolong the duration of therapeutic urinary concentrations.
Distribution: Concentrations in blood and body tissues are low; crosses the placenta and the blood-brain barrier and distributes in breastmilk (trace amounts).
Metabolism: Hepatic and in most body tissues.
Excretion: Via urine (30-40% of a dose excreted rapidly as unchanged drug); some tubular reabsorption may occur in acid urine.
Plasma half-life: 0.3-1 hr.
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