Glyformet Extended Release Tablet

Each Extended Release Tablet contains: Metformin hydrochloride, USP 1 g.
Metformin Hydrochloride (Glyformet) Extended-Release Tablets contain an oral antihyperglycemic drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride (N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride) is a member of the biguanide class of oral antihyperglycemics and is not chemically or pharmacologically related to any other class of oral antihyperglycemic agents. The empirical formula of metformin hydrochloride is C4H11N5•HCl and its molecular weight is 165.63.
Metformin Hydrochloride (Glyformet) is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in water and is practically insoluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform. The pKa of metformin is 12.4. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution of metformin hydrochloride is 6.68. Metformin Hydrochloride (Glyformet) Extended-Release Tablets are designed for once-a-day oral administration and deliver 500 mg or 1000 mg of metformin hydrochloride.

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Oral Anti-Diabetics. ATC Code: (A10BA02: Gastrointestinal tract and metabolism).
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Metformin is a biguanide with antihyperglycaemic effects, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. It does not stimulate insulin secretion and therefore does not produce hypoglycaemia.
Mechanism of action: Metformin may act via 3 mechanisms: reduction of hepatic glucose production by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis; in muscle, by increasing insulin sensitivity, improving peripheral glucose uptake and utilisation; and delay of intestinal glucose absorption.
Metformin stimulates intracellular glycogen synthesis by acting on glycogen synthase.
Metformin increases the transport capacity of all types of membrane glucose transporters (GLUT).
Pharmacodynamic effects: In clinical studies, the major non glycemic effect of metformin is either weight stability or modest weight loss.
In humans, independently of its action on glycaemia, immediate release metformin has favourable effects on lipid metabolism. This has been shown at therapeutic doses in controlled, medium-term or long-term clinical studies: immediate release metformin reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. A similar action has not been demonstrated with the prolonged release formulation, possibly due to the evening administration, and an increase in triglycerides may occur.
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: After an oral dose of the prolonged release tablet, metformin absorption is significantly delayed compared to the immediate release tablet with a Tmax at 7 hours (Tmax for the immediate release tablet is 2.5 hours).
At steady state, similar to the immediate release formulation, Cmax and AUC are not proportionally increased to the administered dose. The AUC after a single oral administration of 2000 mg of metformin prolonged release tablets is similar to that observed after administration of 1000 mg of metformin immediate release tablets b.i.d.
Intrasubject variability of Cmax and AUC of metformin prolonged release is comparable to that observed with metformin immediate release tablets.
When the prolonged release tablet is administered in fasting conditions the AUC is decreased by 30% (both Cmax and Tmax are unaffected).
Mean metformin absorption from the prolonged release formulation is almost not altered by meal composition.
No accumulation is observed after repeated administration of up to 2000 mg of metformin as prolonged release tablets.
Following a single oral administration of 1500 mg of Glucophage SR 750 mg, a mean peak plasma concentration of 1193 ng/mL is achieved with a median value of 5 hours and a range of 4 to 12 hours.
Glucophage SR 750 mg was shown to be bioequivalent to Glucophage SR 500 mg at a 1500 mg dose with respect to Cmax and AUC in healthy fed and fasted subjects.
Following a single oral administration in the fed state of one tablet of Glucophage SR 1000 mg, a mean peak plasma concentration of 1214 ng/mL is achieved with a median time of 5 hours (range of 4 to 10 hours).
Glucophage SR 1000 mg was shown to be bioequivalent to Glucophage SR 500 mg at a 1000 mg dose with respect to Cmax and AUC in healthy fed and fasted subjects.
When the 1000 mg prolonged release tablet is administered in fed conditions the AUC is increased by 77% (Cmax is increased by 26% and Tmax is slightly prolonged by about 1 hour).
Distribution: Plasma protein binding is negligible. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes. The blood peak is lower than the plasma peak and appears at approximately the same time. The red blood cells most likely represent a secondary compartment of distribution. The mean Vd ranged between 63-276 L.
Metabolism: Metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine. No metabolites have been identified in humans.
Elimination: Renal clearance of metformin is >400 mL/min, indicating that metformin is eliminated by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Following an oral dose, the apparent terminal elimination half-life is approximately 6.5 hours.
When renal function is impaired, renal clearance is decreased in proportion to that of creatinine and thus the elimination half-life is prolonged, leading to increased levels of metformin in plasma.
Characteristics in specific groups of patients: Renal impairment: The available data in subjects with moderate renal insufficiency are scarce and no reliable estimation of the systemic exposure to metformin in this subgroup as compared to subjects with normal renal function could be made. Therefore, the dose adaptation should be made upon clinical efficacy/tolerability considerations.

Reduction in the risk or delay of the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult, overweight patients with IGT* and/or IFG*, and/or increased HbA1C who are: at high risk for developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus and still progressing towards type 2 diabetes mellitus despite implementation of intensive lifestyle change for 3 to 6 months.
Treatment with Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets must be based on a risk score incorporating appropriate measures of glycaemic control and including evidence of high cardiovascular risk.
Lifestyle modifications should be continued when metformin is initiated unless the patient is unable to do so because of medical reasons.
*IGT: Impaired Glucose Tolerance; IFG: Impaired Fasting Glucose.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults, particularly in overweight patients, when dietary management and exercise alone does not result in adequate glycaemic control. Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents, or with insulin.

Posology: Adults with normal renal function (GFR ≥90 mL/min): Reduction in the risk or delay of the onset of type 2 diabetes: Metformin should only be considered where intensive lifestyle modifications for 3 to 6 months have not resulted in adequate glycaemic control.
The therapy should be initiated with one tablet Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 500 mg once daily with the evening meal.
After 10 to 15 days dose adjustment on the basis of blood glucose measurements is recommended (OGTT and/or FPG and/or HbA1C values to be within the normal range). A slow increase of dose may improve gastro-intestinal tolerability. The maximum recommended dose is 4 tablets (2000 mg) once daily with the evening meal.
It is recommended to regularly monitor (every 3-6 months) the glycaemic status (OGTT and/or FPG and/or HbA1c value) as well as the risk factors to evaluate whether treatment needs to be continued, modified or discontinued.
A decision to re-evaluate therapy is also required if the patient subsequently implements improvements to diet and/or exercise, or if changes to the medical condition will allow increased lifestyle interventions to be possible.
Monotherapy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and combination with other oral antidiabetic agents: The usual starting dose is one tablet of Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 500 mg once daily.
After 10 to 15 days the dose should be adjusted on the basis of blood glucose measurements. A slow increase of dose may improve gastro-intestinal tolerability. The maximum recommended dose is 4 tablets daily.
Dosage increases should be made in increments of 500 mg every 10-15 days, up to a maximum of 2000 mg once daily with the evening meal. If glycaemic control is not achieved on Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 2000 mg once daily, Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 1000 mg twice daily should be considered, with both doses being given with food. If glycaemic control is still not achieved, patients may be switched to standard metformin tablets to a maximum dose of 3000 mg daily.
In patients already treated with metformin tablets, the starting dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets should be equivalent to the daily dose of metformin immediate release tablets. In patients treated with metformin at a dose above 2000 mg daily, switching to Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets is not recommended.
If transfer from another oral antidiabetic agent is intended: discontinue the other agent and initiate Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets at the dose indicated previously.
Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 750 mg and Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 1000 mg are intended for patients who are already treated with metformin tablets (prolonged or immediate release).
The dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 750 mg or Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 1000 mg should be equivalent to the daily dose of metformin tablets (prolonged or immediate release), up to a maximum dose of 1500 mg or 2000 mg respectively, given with the evening meal.
Combination with insulin: Metformin and insulin may be used in combination therapy to achieve better blood glucose control. The usual starting dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets is one 500 mg tablet once daily, while insulin dosage is adjusted on the basis of blood glucose measurements.
For patients already treated with metformin and insulin in combination therapy, the dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 750 mg or Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets 1000 mg should be equivalent to the daily dose of metformin tablets up to a maximum of 1500 mg or 2000 mg respectively, given with the evening meal, while insulin dosage is adjusted on the basis of blood glucose measurements.
Elderly: Due to the potential for decreased renal function in elderly subjects, the metformin dosage should be adjusted based on renal function. Regular assessment of renal function is necessary.
Benefit in the reduction of risk or delay of the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus has not been established in patients 75 years and older and metformin initiation is therefore not recommended in these patients.
Renal impairment: A GFR should be assessed before initiation of treatment with metformin containing products and at least annually thereafter. In patients at an increased risk of further progression of renal impairment and in the elderly, renal function should be assessed more frequently, e.g. every 3-6 months. See table.

Click on icon to see table/diagram/image

Paediatric population: In the absence of available data, Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets should not be used in children.

Hypoglycaemia has not been seen with metformin doses of up to 85 g, although lactic acidosis has occurred in such circumstances. High overdose or concomitant risks of metformin may lead to lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency and must be treated in hospital. The most effective method to remove lactate and metformin is haemodialysis.

Hypersensitivity to metformin or to any of the excipients.
Any type of acute metabolic acidosis (such as lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis).
Diabetic pre-coma.
Severe renal failure (GFR <30 mL/min).
Acute conditions with the potential to alter renal function such as: dehydration, severe infection, shock.
Disease which may cause tissue hypoxia (especially acute disease, or worsening of chronic disease) such as: decompensated heart failure, respiratory failure, recent myocardial infarction, shock.
Hepatic insufficiency, acute alcohol intoxication, alcoholism.

Lactic acidosis: Lactic acidosis, a very rare, but serious, metabolic complication, most often occurs at acute worsening of renal function or cardiorespiratory illness or sepsis. Metformin accumulation occurs at acute worsening of renal function and increases the risk of lactic acidosis.
In case of dehydration (severe diarrhoea or vomiting, fever or reduced fluid intake), metformin should be temporarily discontinued and contact with a health care professional is recommended.
Medicinal products that can acutely impair renal function (such as antihypertensives, diuretics and NSAIDs) should be initiated with caution in metformin-treated patients. Other risk factors for lactic acidosis are excessive alcohol intake, hepatic insufficiency, inadequately controlled diabetes, ketosis, prolonged fasting and any conditions associated with hypoxia, as well as concomitant use of medicinal products that may cause lactic acidosis.
Patients and/or care-givers should be informed of the risk of lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis is characterised by acidotic dyspnoea, abdominal pain, muscle cramps, asthenia and hypothermia followed by coma. In case of suspected symptoms, the patient should stop taking metformin and seek immediate medical attention. Diagnostic laboratory findings are decreased blood pH (<7.35), increased plasma lactate levels (>5 mmol/L) and an increased anion gap and lactate/pyruvate ratio.
Renal function: GFR should be assessed before treatment initiation and regularly thereafter. Metformin is contraindicated in patients with GFR <30 mL/min and should be temporarily discontinued in the presence of conditions that alter renal function.
Cardiac function: Patients with heart failure are more at risk of hypoxia and renal insufficiency. In patients with stable chronic heart failure, metformin may be used with a regular monitoring of cardiac and renal function.
For patients with acute and unstable heart failure, metformin is contraindicated.
Administration of iodinated contrast agents: Intravascular administration of iodinated contrast agents may lead to contrast induced nephropathy, resulting in metformin accumulation and an increased risk of lactic acidosis. Metformin should be discontinued prior to or at the time of the imaging procedure and not restarted until at least 48 hours after, provided that renal function has been re-evaluated and found to be stable.
Surgery: Metformin must be discontinued at the time of surgery under general, spinal or epidural anaesthesia. Therapy may be restarted no earlier than 48 hours following surgery or resumption of oral nutrition and provided that renal function has been re-evaluated and found to be stable.
Other precautions: All patients should continue their diet with a regular distribution of carbohydrate intake during the day. Overweight patients should continue their energy-restricted diet.
The usual laboratory tests for diabetes monitoring should be performed regularly.
Metformin alone never causes hypoglycaemia, although caution is advised when it is used in combination with insulin or other oral antidiabetics (e.g. sulphonylureas or meglitinides).
The tablet shells may be present in the faeces. Patients should be advised that this is normal.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Metformin monotherapy does not cause hypoglycaemia and therefore has no effect on the ability to drive or to use machines.
However, patients should be alerted to the risk of hypoglycaemia when metformin is used in combination with other antidiabetic agents (e.g. sulphonylureas, insulin, or meglitinides).
Use in the Elderly: Due to the limited therapeutic efficacy data in the reduction of risk or delay of type 2 diabetes in patients 75 years and older, metformin initiation is not recommended in these patients.

Pregnancy: Uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy (gestational or permanent) is associated with increased risk of congenital abnormalities and perinatal mortality.
A limited amount of data from the use of metformin in pregnant women does not indicate an increased risk of congenital abnormalities. Animal studies do not indicate harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonic or fetal development, parturition or postnatal development.
When the patient plans to become pregnant and during pregnancy, it is recommended that impaired glycaemic control or diabetes are not treated with metformin. For diabetes it is recommended that insulin should be used to maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible to reduce the risk of malformations of the foetus.
Breast-feeding: Metformin is excreted into human breast milk. No adverse effects were observed in breastfed newborns/infants. However, as only limited data are available, breastfeeding is not recommended during metformin treatment. A decision on whether to discontinue breast-feeding should be made, taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding and the potential risk to adverse effect on the child.
Fertility: Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately three times the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body surface area comparisons.

In post marketing data and in controlled clinical studies, adverse event reporting in patients treated with Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets was similar in nature and severity to that reported in patients treated with Metformin Hydrochloride immediate release tablets.
During treatment initiation, the most common adverse reactions are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and loss of appetite, which resolve spontaneously in most cases.
The following adverse reactions may occur with Metformin Hydrochloride Prolonged Release Tablets. Frequencies are defined as follows: very common >1/10; common ≥1/100, <1/10; uncommon ≥1/1,000, <1/100; rare ≥1/10,000, <1/1,000; very rare <1/10,000.
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Very rare: Lactic acidosis.
Decrease of vitamin B12 absorption with decrease of serum levels during long-term use of metformin. Consideration of such an aetiology is recommended if a patient presents with megaloblastic anemia.
Nervous system disorders: Common: Taste disturbance.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Very common: Gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and loss of appetite. These undesirable effects occur most frequently during initiation of therapy and resolve spontaneously in most cases. A slow increase of the dose may also improve gastrointestinal tolerability.
Hepatobiliary disorders: Very rare: Isolated reports of liver function tests abnormalities or hepatitis resolving upon metformin discontinuation.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Very rare: Skin reactions such as erythema, pruritus, urticaria.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system.

Concomitant use not recommended: Alcohol: Alcohol intoxication is associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis, particularly in case of fasting, malnutrition or hepatic impairment.
Iodinated contrast agents: Metformin must be discontinued prior to or at the time of the imaging procedure and not restarted until at least 48 hours after, provided that renal function has been re-evaluated and found to be stable.
Combinations requiring precautions for use: Some medicinal products can adversely affect renal function which may increase the risk of lactic acidosis, e.g. NSAIDs, including selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) II inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists and diuretics, especially loop diuretics. When starting or using such products in combination with metformin, close monitoring of renal function is necessary.
Medicinal products with intrinsic hyperglycaemic activity (e.g. glucocorticoids (systemic and local routes) and sympathomimetics): More frequent blood glucose monitoring may be required, especially at the beginning of treatment. If necessary, adjust the metformin dosage during therapy with the other drug and upon its discontinuation.
Organic cation transporters (OCT): Metformin is a substrate of both transporters OCT1 and OCT2. Co-administration of metformin with: Inhibitors of OCT1 (such as verapamil) may reduce efficacy of metformin.
Inducers of OCT1 (such as rifampicin) may increase gastrointestinal absorption and efficacy of metformin.
Inhibitors of OCT2 (such as cimetidine, dolutegravir, ranolazine, trimethoprim, vandetanib, isavuconazole) may decrease the renal elimination of metformin and thus lead to an increase in metformin plasma concentration.
Inhibitors of both OCT1 and OCT2 (such as crizotinib, olaparib) may alter efficacy and renal elimination of metformin.
Caution is therefore advised, especially in patients with renal impairment, when these drugs are co-administered with metformin, as metformin plasma concentration may increase. If needed, dose adjustment of metformin may be considered as OCT inhibitors/inducers may alter the efficacy of metformin.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling: No special requirements. Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Shelf life: 3 years.
Special precautions for storage: This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
Storage Condition: Store at temperatures not exceeding 30°C.

Antidiabetic Agents

A10BA02 - metformin ; Belongs to the class of biguanides. Used in the treatment of diabetes.

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