Convulzor Special Precautions

Hepatotoxicity: Hepatic failure resulting in fatalities has occurred in patients receiving valproic acid. These incidents usually have occurred during the first six months of treatment. Serious or fatal hepatotoxicity may be preceded by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weakness, lethargy, facial edema, anorexia, and vomiting. In patients with epilepsy, a loss of seizure control may also occur. Patients should be monitored closely for appearance of these symptoms. Liver function tests should be performed prior to therapy and at frequent intervals thereafter, especially during the first six months. However, physicians should not rely totally on serum biochemistry since these tests may not be abnormal in all instances, but should also consider the results of careful interim medical history and physical examination. Caution should be observed when administering valproic acid to patients with a prior history of hepatic disease. Patients on multiple anticonvulsants, children, those with congenital metabolic disorders, those with severe seizure disorders accompanied by mental retardation, and those with organic brain disease may be at particular risk. Experience has indicated that children under the age of two years are at a considerably increased risk of developing fatal hepatotoxicity, especially those with the aforementioned conditions. When valproic acid is used in this patient group, it should be used with extreme caution and as a sole agent. The benefits of seizure control should be weighed against the risks. Above this age group, experience in epilepsy has indicated that the incidence of fatal hepatotoxicity decreases considerably in progressively older patient groups.
The drug should be discontinued immediately in the presence of significant hepatic dysfunction, suspected or apparent. In some cases, hepatic dysfunction has progressed in spite of discontinuation of drug (see Contraindications).
Valproic acid is contraindicated in patients known to have mitochondrial disorders caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (POLG; e.g., Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome) and children under two years of age who are suspected of having a POLG-related disorder (see Contraindications).
Valproate induced acute liver failure and liver-related deaths have been reported in patients with hereditary neurometabolic syndromes caused by mutations in the gene for mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (POLG) (e.g., Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome) at a higher rate than those without these syndromes.
POLG-related disorders should be suspected in patients with a family history or suggestive symptoms of a POLG-related disorder, including but not limited to unexplained encephalopathy, refractory epilepsy (focal, myoclonic), status epilepticus at presentation, developmental delays, psychomotor regression, axonal sensorimotor neuropathy, myopathy cerebellar ataxia, opthalmoplegia, or complicated migraine with occipital aura. POLG mutation testing should be performed in accordance with current clinical practice for the diagnostic evaluation of such disorders.
Pancreatitis: Cases of life-threatening pancreatitis have been reported in both children and adults receiving valproate. Some of the cases have been described as hemorrhagic with rapid progression from initial symptoms to death. Some cases have occurred shortly after initial use as well as after several years of use. The rate based upon the reported cases exceeds that expected in the general population and there have been cases in which pancreatitis recurred after rechallenge with valproate. Patients and guardians should be warned that abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and/or anorexia could be symptoms of pancreatitis that require prompt medical evaluation. If pancreatitis is diagnosed, valproate should ordinarily be discontinued. Alternative treatment for the underlying medical condition should be initiated as clinically indicated.
Urea cycle disorders (UCD): Hyperammonemic encephalopathy, sometimes fatal, has been reported following initiation of valproate therapy in patients with urea cycle disorders, a group of uncommon genetic abnormalities, particularly ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Prior to the initiation of valproate therapy, evaluation for UCD should be considered in the following patients: 1) those with a history of unexplained encephalopathy or coma, encephalopathy associated with a protein load, pregnancy-related or postpartum encephalopathy, unexplained mental retardation, or history of elevated plasma ammonia or glutamine; 2) those with cyclical vomiting and lethargy, episodic extreme irritability, ataxia, low BUN, protein avoidance; 3) those with a family history of UCD or a family history of unexplained infant deaths (particularly males); 4) those with other signs or symptoms of UCD. Patients who develop symptoms of unexplained hyperammonemic encephalopathy while receiving valproate therapy should receive prompt treatment (including discontinuation of valproate therapy) and be evaluated for underlying urea cycle disorders (see Contraindications and Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy associated with concomitant topiramate use as follows).
Suicidal behavior and ideation: An increase in the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking AEDs for any indication has been reported. The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher for epilepsy than for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications. Patients treated with an AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.
Anyone considering prescribing valproic acid or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and an increase risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behaviors emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated. Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thought about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.
Interaction with carbapenem antibiotics: Carbapenem antibiotics (ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem) may reduce serum valproic acid concentrations to subtherapeutic levels, resulting in loss of seizure control. Serum valproic acid concentrations should be monitored frequently after initiating carbapenem therapy. Alternative antibacterial or anticonvulsant therapy should be considered if serum valproic acid concentrations drop significantly or seizure control deteriorates (see Carbapenem antibiotics under Interactions).
Somnolence in the elderly: In elderly patients with dementia, there was a significantly higher proportion of valproate patients had a somnolence. In some patients with somnolence, there was associated reduced nutritional intake and weight loss. There was a trend for the patients who experienced these events to have a lower baseline albumin concentration, lower valproate clearance, and a higher BUN. In elderly patients, dosage should be increased more slowly and with regular monitoring for fluid and nutritional intake, dehydration, somnolence, and other adverse events. Dose reductions or discontinuation of valproate should be considered in patients with decreased food or fluid intake and in patients with excessive somnolence (see Dosage & Administration).
Thrombocytopenia: The frequency of adverse effects (particularly elevated liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia may be dose-related. The probability of thrombocytopenia appeared to increase significantly at total valproate concentrations of ≥110 mcg/mL (females) or ≥135 mcg/mL (males). The therapeutic benefit which may accompany the higher doses should therefore be weighed against the possibility of a greater incidence of adverse effects.
Women of childbearing potential: Because of the risk to the fetus of major congenital malformations (including neural tube defects) valproic acid should be considered for women of childbearing potential only after the risks have been thoroughly discussed with the patient and weighed against the potential benefits of treatment (see Use in Pregnancy and Lactation).
This is especially important when valproate use is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death (e.g., migraine). Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception while using valproate.
Usage in pregnancy Since valproic acid has been associated with certain types of birth defects, female patients of childbearing age considering the use of valproic acid should be advised of the risks associated with the use of valproic acid during pregnancy (see Use in Pregnancy and Lactation).
Valproate use is contraindicated during pregnancy in women being treated for prophylaxis of migraine headaches (see Contraindications).
Women suffering from epilepsy or bipolar disorder who are pregnant or who plan to become pregnant should not be treated with valproate unless other treatments have failed to provide adequate symptom control or are otherwise unacceptable. In such women, the benefits of treatment with valproate during pregnancy may still outweigh the risks (see Use in Pregnancy and Lactation).
Antiepileptic drugs should not be discontinued abruptly in patients in whom the drug is administered to prevent major seizures because of the strong possibility of precipitating status epilepticus with attendant hypoxia and threat to life. In individual cases where the severity and frequency of the seizure disorder are such that the removal of medication does not pose a serious threat to the patient, discontinuation of the drug may be considered prior to and during pregnancy. However, if cannot be said with any confidence that even minor seizures do not pose some hazard to the developing embryo or fetus.
Hepatic dysfunction: See Contraindications and Hepatotoxicity as previously mentioned.
Hyperammonemia: Hyperammonemia has been reported in association with valproate therapy and may be present despite normal liver function tests. In patients who develop unexplained lethargy and vomiting or changes in mental status, hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be considered and an ammonia level should be measured. Hyperammonemia should also be considered in patients with hypothermia (see Hypothermia as follows). If ammonia is increased, valproate therapy should be discontinued. Appropriate interventions for treatment of hyperammonemia should be initiated, and such patients should undergo investigation for underlying urea cycle disorders (see Contraindications and Urea cycle disorders as previously mentioned and Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy associated with concomitant topiramate use as follows).
Asymptomatic elevations of ammonia are more common and when present, require close monitoring of plasma ammonia levels. If the elevation persists, discontinuation of valproate therapy should be considered.
Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy associated with concomitant topiramate use: Concomitant administration of topiramate and valproic acid has been associated with hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy in patients who have tolerated either drug alone. Clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy or vomiting. Hypothermia can also be a manifestation of hyperammonemia (see Hypothermia as previously mentioned). In most cases, symptoms and signs abated with discontinuation of either drug. This adverse event is not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction. It is not known if topiramate monotherapy is associated with hyperammonemia.
Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity may be at an increased risk for hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although not studied, an interaction of topiramate and valproic acid may exacerbate existing defects or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons (see Contraindications and Urea cycle disorders and Hyperammonemia as previously mentioned).
Hypothermia: Hypothermia, defined as an unintentional drop in body core temperature to <35°C (95°F), has been reported in association with valproate therapy both in conjunction with and in the absence of hyperammonemia. This adverse reaction can also occur in patients using concomitant topiramate with valproate after starting topiramate treatment or after increasing the daily dose of topiramate (see Topiramate under Interactions and Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy associated with concomintant topiramate use and Hyperammonemia as previously mentioned).
Consideration should be given to stopping valproate in patients who develop hypothermia, which may be manifested by a variety of clinical abnormalities including lethargy, confusion, coma, and significant alterations in other major organ systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical management and assessment should include examination of blood ammonia levels.
Brain atrophy: There have been reports of reversible and irreversible cerebral and cerebellar atrophy temporally associated with the use of valproate products. In some cases, patients recovered with permanent sequalae (see Adverse reactions). The motor and cognitive functions of patients on valproate should be routinely monitored and drug should be discontinued in the presence of suspected or apparent signs of brain atrophy.
Reports of cerebral atrophy with various forms of neurological problems including developmental delays and psychomotor impairment have also been reported in children who were exposed in-utero to valproate products (see Use in Pregnancy and Lactation).
General: Because of reports of thrombocytopenia (see Thrombocytopenia as previously mentioned), inhibition of the secondary phase if platelet aggregation, and abnormal coagulation parameters (e.g., low fibrinogen), platelet counts and coagulation tests are recommended before initiating therapy and at periodic intervals. It is recommended that patients receiving valproic acid be monitored for platelet count and coagulation parameters prior to planned surgery. There was an evidence of hemorrhage, bruising or a disorder of hemostatis/coagulation for reduction of dosage or withdrawal of therapy.
Since valproate may interact with concurrently administered drugs which are capable of enzyme induction, periodic plasma concentration of valproate and concomitant drugs are recommended during the early course of therapy (see Interactions).
Valproate is partially eliminated in the urine as a keto-metabolite, which may lead to a false interpretation of the urine ketone test.
There have been reports of altered thyroid function tests associated with valproate. The clinical significance of these is unknown.
Valproate stimulates the replication of the HIV and CMV viruses under certain experimental conditions. The clinical consequence, if any, is not known. Additionally, the relevance of these in vitro findings is uncertain for patients receiving maximally suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Nevertheless, these data should be borne in mind when interpreting the results from regular monitoring of the viral load in HIV infected patients receiving valproate or when following CMV infected patients clinically.
Multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction: Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions have been rarely reported in close temporal association after the initiation of valproate therapy in adult and pediatric patients. Although there have been a limited number of reports, many of these cases resulted in hospitalization and at least one death has been reported. Signs and symptoms of this disorder were diverse; however, patients typically, although not exclusively, presented with fever and rash associated with other organ system involvement. Other associated manifestations may include lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, liver function test abnormalities, hematological abnormalities (e.g., eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia), pruritis, nephritis, oliguria, hepato-renal syndrome, arthralgia, and asthenia. Because the disorder is variable in its expression, other organ system symptoms and signs not noted here may occur. If this reaction is suspected, valproate should be discontinued and an alternative treatment started. Although the existence of cross sensitivity with other drugs that produce this syndrome is unclear, the experience amongst drugs associated with multiorgan hypersensitivity would indicate this to be a possibility.
Information for patients: Patients and guardians should be warned that abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and/or anorexia could be symptoms of pancreatitis and, therefore, require further medical evaluation promptly.
Patients and guardians should be informed of the signs and symptoms associated with hyperammonemic encephalopathy (see Hyperammonemia as previously mentioned) and be told to inform the prescriber if any of these symptoms occur.
Since valproic acid may produce CNS depression, especially when combined with another CNS depressant (e.g., alcohol), patients should be advised not to engage in hazardous activities, such as driving an automobile or operating dangerous machinery, until it is known that they do not become drowsy from the drug.
Since valproic acid has been associated with certain types of birth defects, female patients of childbearing age considering the use of valproic acid should be advised of the risks associated with the use of valproic acid during pregnancy (see Usage in pregnancy as follows).
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Since valproic acid products may produce CNS depression, especially when combined with another CNS depressant (e.g., alcohol), patients should be advised not to engage in hazardous activities, such as driving an automobile or operating dangerous machinery, until it is known that they do not become drowsy from the drug.
Use in Pregnancy: ER tablet: Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category D.
Fetal Risk Summary: All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects (about 3%), pregnancy loss (about 15%), or other adverse outcomes regardless of drug exposure. Maternal valproate use during pregnancy for any indication increases the risk of congenital malformations, particularly neural tube defects, but also malformations involving other body systems (e.g., craniofacial defects, cardiovascular malformations). The risk of major structural abnormalities is greatest during the first trimester; however, other serious developmental effects can occur with valproate use throughout pregnancy. The rate of congenital malformations among babies born to epileptic mothers who used valproate during pregnancy has been shown to be about four times higher than the rate among babies born to epileptic mothers who used other anti-seizure monotherapies.
Several published epidemiological studies have indicated that children exposed to valproate in utero have lower cognitive test scores than children exposed to either another antiepileptic drug in utero or to non-antiepileptic drugs in utero.
In animal studies, offspring had structural malformations similar to those seen in humans and demonstrated behavioral deficits.
Clinical Considerations: Neural tube defects are the congenital malformation most strongly associated with maternal valproate use. The risk of spina bifida following in utero valproate exposure is generally estimated as 1-2%, compared to an estimated general population risk for spina bifida of about 0.06 to 0.07% (6 to 7 in 10,000 births).
To prevent major seizures, women with epilepsy should not discontinue Valproic Acid abruptly, as this can precipitate status epilepticus with resulting maternal and fetal hypoxia and threat to life. Even minor seizures may pose some hazard to the developing embryo or fetus. However, discontinuation of the drug may be considered prior to and during pregnancy in individual cases if the seizure disorder severity and frequency do not pose a serious threat to the patient.
Available prenatal diagnostic testing to detect neural tube and other defects should be offered to pregnant women using valproate.
Evidence suggests that folic acid supplementation prior to conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy decreases the risk for congenital neural tube defects in the general population. It is not known whether the risk of neural tube defects in the offspring of women receiving valproate is reduced by folic acid supplementation. Dietary folic acid supplementation both prior to conception and during pregnancy should be routinely recommended for patients using valproate.
Patients taking valproate may develop clotting abnormalities. A patient who had low fibrinogen when taking multiple anticonvulsants including valproate gave birth to an infant with afibrinogenemia who subsequently died of hemorrhage. If valproate is used in pregnancy, the clotting parameters should be monitored carefully.
Patients taking valproate may develop hepatic failure. Fatal cases of hepatic failure in infants exposed to valproate in utero have also been reported following maternal use of valproate during pregnancy.
Syrup: See Contraindications and Women of childbearing potential and Usage in pregnancy as previously mentioned.
Risks associated with valproic acid: In humans Valproic acid may produce teratogenic effects, such as neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida) in the offspring of human females receiving the drug during pregnancy. There are data that suggest an increased incidence of congenital malformations associated with the use of valproic acid during pregnancy. Therefore, valproic acid should be considered for women of childbearing potential only after the risks have been thoroughly discussed with the patient and weighed against the potential benefits of treatment.
There are multiple reports in the clinical literature that indicate the use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy results in an increased incidence of birth defects in the offspring. Therefore, antiepileptic drugs should be administered to women of childbearing potential only if they are clearly shown to be essential in the management of their disease.
The incidence of neural tube defects in the fetus may be increased in mothers receiving valproate during the first trimester of pregnancy. The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has estimated the risk of valproic acid exposed women having children with spina bifida to be approximately 1-2%.
Other congenital anomalies (e.g., craniofacial defects, cardiovascular malformations, hypospadias and anomalies involving various body systems), compatible and incompatible with life, have been reported.
There was an increased incidence of congenital malformations in children born to epileptic women exposed to valproate monotherapy during pregnancy. Available data indicate dose-dependency of this effect.
Valproate can cause decreased IQ scores following in utero exposure. Published epidemiological studies have indicated that children exposed to valproate in utero have lower cognitive test scores than children exposed in utero to either another antiepileptic drug or to no antiepileptic drugs.
There have been reports of developmental delay, autism and/or autism spectrum disorder in the offspring of women exposed to valproic acid during pregnancy.
Exposure in utero to valproate products has been associated with cerebral atrophy with varying degrees/manifestations of neurological compromise, including developmental delays and psychomotor impairment (see Adverse reactions).
In animals: Animal studies have demonstrated valproate-induced teratogenicity. Increased frequencies of malformations, as well as intrauterine growth retardation and death, have been observed in mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys following prenatal exposure to valproate. Malformations of the skeletal system are the most common structural abnormalities produced in experimental animals, but neural tube closure defects have been seen in mice exposed to maternal plasma valproate concentrations exceeding 230 mcg/mL (2.3 times the upper limit of the human therapeutic range) during susceptible periods of embryonic development.
Risks in the neonates: Pregnant women taking valproate may develop clotting abnormalities, including thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and/or decrease in other coagulation factors, which may result in hemorrhagic complications in the neonate including death (see Thrombocytopenia and General as previously mentioned).
If valproate is used in pregnancy, the clotting parameters should be monitored carefully.
Hepatic failure, resulting in the death of a newborn and of an infant, has been reported following the use of valproate during pregnancy.
Cases of hypoglycemia have been received for neonates whose mothers have taken valproate during pregnancy.
Tests to detect neural tube and other defects using current accepted procedures should be considered a part of routine prenatal care in childbearing women receiving valproate.
Antiepileptic drugs should not be discontinued abruptly in patients in whom the drug is administered to prevent major seizures because of the strong possibility of precipitating status epilepticus with attendant hypoxia and threat to life. In individual cases, where the severity and frequency of the seizure disorder are such that the removal of medication does not pose a serious threat to the patient, discontinuation of the drug may be considered prior to and during pregnancy, although it cannot be said with any confidence that even minor seizures do not pose some hazard to the developing embryo or fetus.
Use in Lactation: Syrup: Valproate is excreted in breast milk. Concentrations in breast milk have been reported to be 1-10% of serum concentrations. It is not known what effect this would have on a nursing infant. Consideration should be given to discontinuing nursing when valproic acid is administered to a nursing woman (see Usage in pregnancy as previously mentioned).
Use in Children: Experience has indicated that pediatric patients under the age of two years are at a considerably increased risk of developing fatal hepatotoxicity, especially those with the aforementioned conditions (see Hepatotoxicity as previously mentioned). When valproic acid is used in this patient group, it should be used with extreme caution and as a sole agent. The benefits of therapy should be weighed against the risks. Above the age of 2 years, experience in epilepsy has indicated that the incidence of fatal hepatotoxicity decreases considerably in progressively older patient groups.
Younger children, especially those receiving enzyme-inducing drugs, will require larger maintenance doses to attain targeted total and unbound valproic acid concentrations.
The variability in free fraction limits the clinical usefulness of monitoring total serum valproic acid concentrations. Interpretation of valproic acid concentrations in children should include consideration of factors that affect hepatic metabolism and protein binding.
Use in the Elderly: A higher percentage of patients above 65 years of age reported accidental injury, infection, pain, somnolence, and tremor. It is not clear whether these events indicate additional risk or whether they result from preexisting medical illness and concomitant medication use among these patients.
Valproate therapy in elderly patients with dementia revealed drug related somnolence and discontinuation for somnolence (see Somnolence in the elderly as previously mentioned). The starting dose should be reduced in these patients, and dosage reductions or discontinuation should be considered in patients with excessive somnolence (see Dosage & Administration).
This medicinal product contains sucrose.
This should be taken into account in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose and galactose malabsorption or sucrose-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
May be harmful to the teeth. This medicinal product contains methylhydroxybenzoate. Those may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed). This medicinal product contains sorbitol. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.