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These disease-modifying mechanism of action have been evaluated through multiple pre-clinical studies.
Activates T regulatory (Treg) cells, which increase the production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-4, IL-10 & TGF-β, which in turn, stimulate chondrocytes to synthesize cartilage matrix components.
Inhibits production of cartilage degrading enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases MMP-3 & MMP-13, which prevents cartilage breakdown.
Inhibits activities of killer T cells & T-helper cells (Th cells) in the joint, which prevents catabolism of cartilage.
Reduce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2 & IL-17.
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