Spasmolyt

Brownish-yellow, glossy coated, biconvez tablets.
The active ingredient is trospium chloride. Each coated tablet contains 20 mg trospium chloride.
Note for diabetics: 1 coated tablet corresponds to 0.06 g carbohydrate (equivalent to 0.005 bread units).
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Wheat starch, Microcrystalline cellulose, Lactose monohydrate, Povidone, Croscarmellose sodium, Stearic acid, Silica colloidal anhydrous, Talc, Sucrose, Carmellose sodium, Calcium carbonate E 170, Macrogol 8000, Titanium dioxide E 171, Iron oxide hydrate yellow E 172, Beeswax white and Carnauba wax.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Urinary Antispasmodic. ATC code: G04BD09.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Trospium chloride is a quaternary derivative of nortropane and therefore belongs to the class of parasympatholytic or anticholinergic drugs, as it competes concentration-dependently with acetylcholine, the body's endogenous transmitter at post-synaptic, parasympathetic binding sites. Trospium chloride binds with high affinity to muscarinic receptors of the so-called M1-, M2- and M3-subtypes and demonstrates negligible affinity to nicotinic receptors. Consequently, the anticholinergic effect of trospium chloride exerts a relaxing action on smooth muscle tissue and organ functions mediated by muscarinic receptors. Both in preclinical as well as in clinical experiments, trospium chloride diminishes the contractile tone of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract. Furthermore, it can inhibit the secretion of bronchial mucus, saliva, sweat and ocular accommodation. No effects on the central nervous system have so far been observed.
In two specific safety studies in healthy volunteers, Trospium chloride has been proven not to affect cardiac repolarisation, but has been shown to have a consistent and dose-dependent heart rate accelerating effect. A long-term clinical trial with Trospium chloride 20 mg bid found an increase of QT >60 ms in 1.5% (3/197) of included patients. The clinical relevance of these findings has not been established. Routine safety monitoring in two other placebo-controlled clinical trials of three-months duration do not support such an influence of trospium chloride: In the first study an increase of QTcF ≥60 msec was seen in 4/258 (1.6%) in trospium-treated patients vs. 9/256 (3.5%) in placebo-treated patients. Corresponding figures in the second trial were 8/326 (2.5%) in trospium-treated patients vs. 8/325 (2.5%) in placebo-treated patients.
Pharmacokinetics: After oral administration of trospium chloride maximum plasma levels are reached at 4-6 hours. Following a single dose of 20 mg, the maximum plasma level is about 4 ng/mL. Within the tested interval, 20 to 60 mg as a single dose, the plasma levels are proportional to the administered dose. The absolute bioavailability of a single oral dose 20 mg of trospium chloride (1 coated tablet) is 9.6 ± 4.5% (mean value ± standard deviation). At steady state, the intraindividual variability is 16% and the interindividual variability is 36%. Simultaneous intake of food, especially high-fat diets, reduces the bioavailability of trospium chloride. After a high-fat meal mean Cmax and AUC are reduced to 15-20% of the values in the fasted state.
Trospium chloride exhibits diurnal variability in exposure with a decrease of both Cmax and AUC for evening relative to morning doses.
Most of the systemically available trospium chloride is excreted unchanged by the kidneys, though a small portion (10% of the renal excretion) appears in the urine as the spiro alcohol, a metabolite formed by ester hydrolysis. The terminal elimination half-life is in the range of 10-20 hours. No accumulation occurs. The plasma protein binding is 50-80%. Pharmacokinetic data in elderly patients suggests no major differences. There are also no gender differences. In a study in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 8-32 mL/min), the mean AUC was 4-fold higher, Cmax was 2-fold higher and the mean half-life was prolonged 2-fold compared with healthy subjects.
Pharmacokinetic results of a study with mildly and moderately hepatically impaired patients do not suggest a need for dose adjustment in patients with hepatic impairment, and are consistent with the limited role of hepatic metabolism in the elimination of trospium chloride.
The Blood Brain Barrier permeability of trospium chloride is virtually absent due to its chemical properties (low lipophilicity as a quaternary amine).
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Preclinical data reveal no special hazard to humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and toxicity to reproduction.
Placental transfer and passage of trospium chloride into the maternal milk occurs in rats.

Symptomatic treatment of urge incontinence and/or increased urinary frequency and urgency as may occur in patients with overactive bladder (e.g. idiopathic or neurologic detrusor overactivity).

One coated tablet twice daily (equivalent to 40 mg of trospium chloride per day).
The coated tablet should be swallowed whole with a glass of water before the meals on empty stomach.
In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance between 10 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) the recommended dosage is: One coated tablet per day or every second day (equivalent to 20 mg of trospium chloride per day or every second day).
The coated tablet should be swallowed whole with a glass of water before the meals on empty stomach.
The need for continued treatment should be reassessed at regular intervals of 3-6 months.
Since no data are available the use in children under 12 years of age is contraindicated.

After the administration of a maximum single dose of 360 mg trospium chloride to healthy volunteers, dryness of the mouth, tachycardia and disorders of micturition were observed to an increased extent. No manifestations of severe overdosage or intoxication in humans have been reported to date. Increased anticholinergic symptoms are to be expected as signs of intoxication. In the case of intoxication, the following measures should be taken: gastric lavage and reduction of absorption (e.g. activated charcoal), local administration of pilocarpine to glaucoma patients, catheterisation in patients with urinary retention, treatment with a parasympathomimetic agent (e.g. neostigmine) in the case of severe symptoms, administration of beta blockers in the case of insufficient response, pronounced tachycardia and/or circulatory instability (e.g. initially 1 mg propranolol intravenously along with monitoring of ECG and blood pressure).

Trospium chloride is contraindicated in patients with urinary retention, severe gastrointestinal condition (including toxic megacolon), myasthenia gravis, narrow angle glaucoma, and tachyarrhythmia.
Trospium chloride is also contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.

Trospium chloride should be used with caution by patients: with obstructive conditions of the gastrointestinal tract such as pyloric stenosis; with obstruction of the urinary flow with the risk of formation of urinary retention; with autonomic neuropathy; with hiatus hernia associated with reflux oesophagitis; in whom fast heart rates are undesirable e.g. those with hyperthyroidism, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.
As there are no data in patients with severe hepatic impairment, treatment of these patients with trospium chloride is not recommended. In patients with mild to moderate liver impairment caution should be exercised.
Trospium chloride is mainly eliminated by renal excretion. Marked elevations in the plasma levels have been observed in patients with severe renal impairment. Therefore in this population but also in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment caution should be exercised (see Dosage & Administration).
Before commencing therapy organic causes of urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence, such as heart diseases, diseases of the kidneys, polydipsia, or infections, or tumours of urinary organs should be excluded.
Spasmolyt contains lactose-monohydrate, sucrose and wheat starch.
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
Patients with wheat allergy (different from coeliac disease) should not take this medicine. Apart from that, trospium chloride is suitable for people with coeliac disease.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Principally, disorders of accommodation can lower the ability to actively participate in road traffic and to use machines.
However, examinations of parameters characterising the ability to participate in road traffic (visual orientation, general ability to react, reaction under stress, concentration and motor coordination) have not revealed any effects of trospium chloride.

Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions). In rats, placental transfer and passage into the maternal milk of trospium chloride occur.

Anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, dyspepsia and constipation may occur during treatment with trospium chloride.
Very common (≥10%): Gastrointestinal system: dry mouth.
Common (≥1%): Gastrointestinal system: dyspepsia, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea.
Uncommon (<1%): Gastrointestinal system: flatulence, diarrhoea.
Cardiovascular system: tachycardia.
Central nervous system: headache.
Body as a whole: chest pain.
Rare (<0.1%): Urinary system: micturition disorders (e.g. formation of residual urine), urinary retention.
Vision disorders: disorders of accommodation (this applies in particular to patients who are hypermetropic and whose vision has not been adequately corrected).
Central nervous system: dizziness.
Skin: rash.
Musculoskeletal system: myalgia, arthralgia.
Very rare (<0.01%): Skin: angio-oedema.
Not known: Cardiovascular system: tachyarrhythmia.
Nervous system: hallucination, agitation, confusion.
Skin: pruritus, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).
Respiratory system: dyspnoea.
Body as a whole: asthenia.
Immune system: anaphylaxis.
Liver and biliary system: mild to moderate increase in serum transaminase levels.
These adverse effects occurred mostly in elderly patients and can be facilitated by neurological diseases and/or concomitant intake of other anticholinergic drugs.

Pharmacodynamic interactions: The following potential pharmacodynamic interactions may occur: Potentiation of the effect of drugs with anticholinergic action (such as amantadine, tricyclic antidepressants), enhancement of the tachycardic action of β-sympathomimetics; decrease in efficacy of prokinetic agents (e.g. metoclopramide).
Since trospium chloride may influence gastrointestinal motility and secretion, the possibility cannot be excluded that the absorption of other concurrently administered drugs may be altered.
Pharmacokinetic interactions: An inhibition of the absorption of trospium chloride with drugs like guar, cholestyramine and colestipol cannot be excluded. Therefore, the simultaneous administration of these drugs with trospium chloride is not recommended.
Metabolic interactions of trospium chloride have been investigated in vitro on cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism (P450, 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4). No influence on their metabolic activities was observed. Since trospium chloride is metabolised only to a low extent and since ester hydrolysis is the only relevant metabolic pathway, no metabolic interactions are expected.
Though trospium chloride was shown not to affect pharmacokinetics of digoxin, an interaction with other active substances eliminated by active tubular secretion cannot be excluded.

Incompatibilities: Not applicable.

Store below 30°C in a dry place.
Shelf life: 3 years.

Drugs for Bladder & Prostate Disorders

G04BD09 - trospium ; Belongs to the class of urinary antispasmodics.

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