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Those with primary genetic trimethylaminuria (the inherited enzyme deficiency), with certain types of liver disease caused by any of hepatitis virus or from other etiologies may develop fishy body odor when taking supplemental choline. Choline intake should be restricted in these cases.
Because of lack of long-term safety studies, should be avoided by children, pregnant women and nursing mothers.
Those with the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome should exercise caution in the use of phosphatidylserine and only take it under medical supervision and monitoring.
